{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T05:48:59Z","timestamp":1745473739534,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]],"date-time":"2017-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41574031"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals can be exploited to remotely sense atmosphere and land and ocean surface to retrieve a range of geophysical parameters. This paper proposes two new methods, termed as power-summation of differential Delay-Doppler Maps (PS-D) and pixel-number of differential Delay-Doppler Maps (PN-D), to distinguish between sea ice and sea water using differential Delay-Doppler Maps (dDDMs). PS-D and PN-D make use of power-summation and pixel-number of dDDMs, respectively, to measure the degree of difference between two DDMs so as to determine the transition state (water-water, water-ice, ice-ice and ice-water) and hence ice and water are detected. Moreover, an adaptive incoherent averaging of DDMs is employed to improve the computational efficiency. A large number of DDMs recorded by UK TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) over the Arctic region are used to test the proposed sea ice detection methods. Through evaluating against ground-truth measurements from the Ocean Sea Ice SAF, the proposed PS-D and PN-D methods achieve a probability of detection of 99.72% and 99.69% respectively, while the probability of false detection is 0.28% and 0.31% respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]],"date-time":"2017-07-12T14:36:12Z","timestamp":1499870172000},"page":"1614","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Sea Ice Detection Based on Differential Delay-Doppler Maps from UK TechDemoSat-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics and Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precise Engineering and Industry Surveying, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZ Potsdam 14473, Germany"}]},{"given":"Kegen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics and Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Jingui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics and Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precise Engineering and Industry Surveying, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Wickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZ Potsdam 14473, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"The polar road to riches","volume":"189","author":"Hamer","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic4270","article-title":"Summer Sea Ice Concentration, Motion, and Thickness near Areas of Proposed Offshore Oil and Gas Development in the Canadian Beaufort Sea\u20132009","volume":"66","author":"Galley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, J.A., Chan, W., Leathers, D.J., Miller, J.R., and Veron, D.E. 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