{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T10:24:03Z","timestamp":1742639043972,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]],"date-time":"2017-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TATI University College","award":["9001-1501"]},{"name":"University Malaysia Pahang","award":["GRS 150391"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"The use of the eddy current technique (ECT) for the non-destructive testing of conducting materials has become increasingly important in the past few years. The use of the non-destructive ECT plays a key role in the ensuring the safety and integrity of the large industrial structures such as oil and gas pipelines. This paper introduce a novel ECT probe design integrated with the distributed ECT inspection system (DSECT) use for crack inspection on inner ferromagnetic pipes. The system consists of an array of giant magneto-resistive (GMR) sensors, a pneumatic system, a rotating magnetic field excitation source and a host PC acting as the data analysis center. Probe design parameters, namely probe diameter, an excitation coil and the number of GMR sensors in the array sensor is optimized using numerical optimization based on the desirability approach. The main benefits of DSECT can be seen in terms of its modularity and flexibility for the use of different types of magnetic transducers\/sensors, and signals of a different nature with either digital or analog outputs, making it suited for the ECT probe design using an array of GMR magnetic sensors. A real-time application of the DSECT distributed system for ECT inspection can be exploited for the inspection of 70 mm carbon steel pipe. In order to predict the axial and circumference defect detection, a mathematical model is developed based on the technique known as response surface methodology (RSM). The inspection results of a carbon steel pipe sample with artificial defects indicate that the system design is highly efficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]],"date-time":"2017-03-13T14:26:18Z","timestamp":1489415178000},"page":"579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["An Eddy Current Testing Platform System for Pipe Defect Inspection Based on an Optimized Eddy Current Technique Probe Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Damhuji","family":"Rifai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Pahang 26300, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical & Automation Engineering Technology, TATI University College, Kemaman 26000, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Pahang 26300, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ramdan","family":"Razali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Pahang 26300, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Kharudin","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical & Automation Engineering Technology, TATI University College, Kemaman 26000, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1945-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moneer","family":"Faraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Pahang 26300, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.001583","article-title":"Distributed brillouin scattering sensor for discrimination of wall-thinning defects in steel pipe under internal pressure","volume":"43","author":"Zou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Defect Signal Analysis for Nondestructive Testing","volume":"11","author":"Rifai","year":"2015","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rifai, D., Abdalla, A.N., Khamsah, N., and Aizat, M. (2016). Subsurface Defects Evaluation using Eddy Current Testing. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 9.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i9\/88724"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rifai, D., Abdalla, A., Ali, K., and Razali, R. (2016). Giant Magnetoresistance Sensors: A Review on Structures and Non-Destructive Eddy Current Testing Applications. Sensors, 16.","key":"ref_4","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030298"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, W., Dutt, A., and Scallion, K. (2010, January 1\u20134). Design of a GMR Sensor Array System for Robotic Pipe Inspection. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE SENSORS, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2010.5690126"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, M., Kim, J., Do, H.S., and Lee, J. (2014, January 18\u201320). 2-D Vector Field Visualization of Corrosion in a Small-Bore Piping System Using Bobbin-Type Integrated Hall and GMR Sensors Arrays. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Sensors Application Symposium, Queenstown, New Zealand.","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2014.6798913"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-012-0137-9","article-title":"Pulsed Eddy Current Testing of Carbon Steel Pipes\u2019 Wall-thinning through Insulation and Cladding","volume":"31","author":"SThrough","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"unstructured":"Vacher, F., Decitre, J.M., Fermon, C., and Pannetier, M. (2006, January 15). Non Destructive Testing with GMR Magnetic Sensor Arrays. Proceedings of the 9th ECNDT, Berlin, Fermany.","key":"ref_8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.02.003","article-title":"Studies to optimize the probe response for velocity induced eddy current testing in aluminium","volume":"67","author":"Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.12.331","article-title":"Study on the Optimization of Eddy Current Testing Coil and the Defect Detection Sensitivity","volume":"130","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2014.2326959","article-title":"Improved magnetic tunnel junctions design for the detection of superficial defects by eddy currents testing","volume":"50","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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A Review On System Development in Eddy Current Testing and Technique for Defect Classification and Characterization, The Institution of Engineering and Technology.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cds.2016.0327"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.73","article-title":"Response surface methodology","volume":"2","author":"Khuri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/3\/579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T22:39:54Z","timestamp":1736203194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/3\/579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s17030579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17030579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]}}}