{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T12:29:11Z","timestamp":1723811351823},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Using mobile smart devices to provide urban location-based services (LBS) with sub-meter-level accuracy (around 0.5 m) is a major application field for future global navigation satellite system (GNSS) development. Real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning, which is a widely used GNSS-based positioning approach, can improve the accuracy from about 10\u201320 m (achieved by the standard positioning services) to about 3\u20135 cm based on the geodetic receivers. In using the smart devices to achieve positioning with sub-meter-level accuracy, a feasible solution of combining the low-cost GNSS module and the smart device is proposed in this work and a user-side GNSS RTK positioning software was developed from scratch based on the Android platform. Its real-time positioning performance was validated by BeiDou Navigation Satellite System\/Global Positioning System (BDS\/GPS) combined RTK positioning under the conditions of a static and kinematic (the velocity of the rover was 50\u201380 km\/h) mode in a real urban environment with a SAMSUNG Galaxy A7 smartphone. The results show that the fixed-rates of ambiguity resolution (the proportion of epochs of ambiguities fixed) for BDS\/GPS combined RTK in the static and kinematic tests were about 97% and 90%, respectively, and the average positioning accuracies (RMS) were better than 0.15 m (horizontal) and 0.25 m (vertical) for the static test, and 0.30 m (horizontal) and 0.45 m (vertical) for the kinematic test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T09:09:09Z","timestamp":1482484149000},"page":"2201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Smart Device-Supported BDS\/GNSS Real-Time Kinematic Positioning for Sub-Meter-Level Accuracy in Urban Location-Based Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zishen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Urban Geomatics of National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"The opportunities and challenges of applications in LBS for BeiDou navigation satellite system","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Satell. 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