{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:47:53Z","timestamp":1740149273632,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no. 61471324 and no. 51425505"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Program for the Top Young Academic Leaders of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi Province, China"},{"name":"The Outstanding Youth talents Program of Shanxi Province"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"The temperature sensor presented in this paper is based on a microwave dielectric resonator, which uses alumina ceramic as a substrate to survive in harsh environments. The resonant frequency of the resonator is determined by the relative permittivity of the alumina ceramic, which monotonically changes with temperature. A rectangular aperture etched on the surface of the resonator works as both an incentive and a coupling device. A broadband slot antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide is utilized as an interrogation antenna to wirelessly detect the sensor signal using a radio-frequency backscattering technique. Theoretical analysis, software simulation, and experiments verified the feasibility of this temperature-sensing system. The sensor was tested in a metal-enclosed environment, which severely interferes with the extraction of the sensor signal. Therefore, frequency-domain compensation was introduced to filter the background noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor signal. The extracted peak frequency was found to monotonically shift from 2.441 to 2.291 GHz when the temperature was varied from 27 to 800 \u00b0C, leading to an average absolute sensitivity of 0.19 MHz\/\u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]],"date-time":"2016-12-02T15:36:37Z","timestamp":1480692997000},"page":"2037","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Dielectrically-Loaded Cylindrical Resonator-Based Wireless Passive High-Temperature Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jijun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0723-6908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guozhu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Qiulin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Tanyong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Sanmin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Helei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Wendong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Culley, D., Garg, S., Hiller, S.J., Horn, W., Kumar, A., Mathews, H.K., Moustapha, H., Pfoertner, H., Rosenfeld, T., and Rybarik, P. (2009). More Intelligent Gas. Turbine Engines, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Boyce, M.P. (2011). Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.10.024","article-title":"Performance and emission characteristics of biofuel in a small-scale gas turbine engine","volume":"87","author":"Habib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Accurate High Temperature Engine Aero-Thermal Measurements for Gas-Turbine Life Optimization, Performance and Condition Monitoring. Available online: http:\/\/www.transport-research.info\/sites\/default\/files\/project\/documents\/20121017_144252_70354_122807161EN6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(98)00296-9","article-title":"Silicon compatible materials for harsh environment sensors","volume":"74","author":"Kroetz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1109\/55.798053","article-title":"Spreading-resistance temperature sensor on silicon-on-insulator","volume":"20","author":"Lai","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Q., Kang, H., Qin, L., Xiong, J., Zhou, Z., Zhang, W., Luo, T., Xue, C., and Liu, J. (2014). Measurement of relative permittivity of LTCC ceramic at different temperatures. AIP Adv., 4.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4867246"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304154","article-title":"A harsh environment-oriented wireless passive temperature sensor realized by LTCC technology","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canabal, A., Davulis, P.M., Pollard, T., and da Cunha, M.P. (2010, January 11\u201314). Multi-sensor wireless interrogation of SAW resonators at high temperatures. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2010.5935789"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.06.016","article-title":"SAW-RFID enabled temperature sensor","volume":"201","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.0462","article-title":"High-temperature battery-free wireless microwave acoustic resonator sensor system","volume":"46","author":"Canabal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubina, B., Sch\u00fc\u00dfler, M., Mandel, C., Mehmood, A., and Jakoby, R. (2013, January 3\u20136). Wireless high-temperature sensing with a chipless tag based on a dielectric resonator antenna. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE SENSORS, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2013.6688181"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2363426","article-title":"Wireless passive temperature sensors using integrated cylindrical resonator\/antenna for harsh-environment applications","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fargeot, S., Guihard, D., and Lahitte, P. (2011, January 22\u201325). Dielectric characterization at high temperature (1600 \u00b0C) for space applications. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Microwave Technology & Computational Electromagnetics (ICMTCE), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMTCE.2011.5915163"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2012.2234476","article-title":"Characterization of SiCN ceramic material dielectric properties at high temperatures for harsh environment sensing applications","volume":"61","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163505","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4824827","article-title":"Wireless passive polymer-derived SiCN ceramic sensor with integrated resonator\/antenna","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.10.052","article-title":"Antenna-resonator integrated wireless passive temperature sensor based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic for harsh environment","volume":"236","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/12\/2037\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T17:14:00Z","timestamp":1736356440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/12\/2037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s16122037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16122037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}}}