{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:47:40Z","timestamp":1740149260423,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has emerged as a remote sensing tool, which is complementary to traditional monostatic radars, for the retrieval of geophysical parameters related to surface properties. In the present paper, we describe a new polarimetric GNSS-R system, referred to as the GLObal navigation satellite system Reflectometry Instrument (GLORI), dedicated to the study of land surfaces (soil moisture, vegetation water content, forest biomass) and inland water bodies. This system was installed as a permanent payload on a French ATR42 research aircraft, from which simultaneous measurements can be carried out using other instruments, when required. Following initial laboratory qualifications, two airborne campaigns involving nine flights were performed in 2014 and 2015 in the Southwest of France, over various types of land cover, including agricultural fields and forests. Some of these flights were made concurrently with in situ ground truth campaigns. Various preliminary applications for the characterisation of agricultural and forest areas are presented. Initial analysis of the data shows that the performance of the GLORI instrument is well within specifications, with a cross-polarization isolation better than \u221215 dB at all elevations above 45\u00b0, a relative polarimetric calibration accuracy better than 0.5 dB, and an apparent reflectivity sensitivity better than \u221230 dB, thus demonstrating its strong potential for the retrieval of land surface characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,21]],"date-time":"2016-05-21T23:24:37Z","timestamp":1463873077000},"page":"732","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["GLORI: A GNSS-R Dual Polarization Airborne Instrument for Land Surface Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwan","family":"Motte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, Toulouse, France18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9 31401, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehrez","family":"Zribi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, Toulouse, France18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9 31401, France"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Fanise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, Toulouse, France18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9 31401, France"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Egido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, University of Maryland (CICS-MD\/UMD), Appointed at the Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD 20740, USA"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Darrozes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GET, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 14 Avenue \u00c9douard Belin, Toulouse 31400, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amen","family":"Al-Yaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISPA, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d\u2019Ornon 33140, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Baghdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSTEA, UMR TETIS, 500 Rue Fran\u00e7ois Breton, Montpellier cedex 5 34093, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8824-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Baup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, Toulouse, France18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9 31401, France"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Dayau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISPA, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d\u2019Ornon 33140, France"}]},{"given":"Remy","family":"Fieuzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, Toulouse, France18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9 31401, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0956-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Louis","family":"Frison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Matis-IGN\/UPEM, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Marne la Vall\u00e9e Cedex 2 77454, France"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Guyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISPA, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d\u2019Ornon 33140, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Wigneron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISPA, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d\u2019Ornon 33140, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100217","article-title":"Regions of Strong Coupling Between Soil Moisture and Precipitation","volume":"305","author":"Koster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Stewart, J., Engman, E.T., Feddes, B.A., and Kerr, Y. (1996). Scaling in Hydrology Using Remote Sensing, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.014","article-title":"Evaluation of a rough soil surface description with ASAR-ENVISAT radar data","volume":"95","author":"Zribi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.012","article-title":"A first assessment of the SMOS data in southwestern France using in situ and airborne soil moisture estimates: The CAROLS airborne campaign","volume":"115","author":"Albergel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2007.029","article-title":"Operational readiness of microwave remote sensing of soil moisture for hydrologic applications","volume":"38","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nord. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"331","article-title":"A Passive Reflectometry and Interferometry System (PARIS)\u2014Application to Ocean Altimetry","volume":"17","year":"1993","journal-title":"ESA J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL51615","article-title":"Effect of Sea Roughness on Bistatically Scattered Range Coded Signals From the Global Positioning System","volume":"25","author":"Garrison","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19980180","article-title":"Using GPS to measure ground complex permittivity","volume":"34","author":"Kavak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zavorotny, V.U., and Voronovich, A.G. (2000, January 24\u201328). Bistatic GPS signal reflections at various polarizations from rough land surface with moisture content. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2000, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2049023","article-title":"Land geophysical parameters retrieval using the interference pattern GNSS-R technique","volume":"49","author":"Camps","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4082356","article-title":"Global navigation satellite systems reflectometry as a remote sensing tool for agriculture","volume":"4","author":"Egido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, K., Rizos, C., and Dempster, A.G. (2013, January 21\u201326). Forest change detection based on GNSS signal strength measurements. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium\u2014IGARSS, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6721332"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2322854","article-title":"Airborne GNSS-R Polarimetric Measurements for Soil Moisture and Above-Ground Biomass Estimation","volume":"7","author":"Egido","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckheinrich, J., Beyerle, G., Schoen, S., Apel, H., Semmling, M., and Wickert, J. (2012, January 10\u201311). WISDOM: GNSS-R based flood monitoring. Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Reflectometry Using GNSS and Other Signals of Opportunity (GNSS+R), West Lafayette, IN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GNSSR.2012.6408257"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larson, K.M., Gutmann, E.D., Zavorotny, V.U., Braun, J.J., Williams, M.W., and Nievinski, F.G. (2009). Can we measure snow depth with GPS receivers?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039430"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.012","article-title":"Characterization of dry-snow sub-structure using GNSS reflected signals","volume":"124","author":"Cardellach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-007-0076-6","article-title":"Using GPS multipath to measure soil moisture fluctuations: Initial results","volume":"12","author":"Larson","year":"2008","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2030672","article-title":"Soil Moisture Retrieval Using GNSS-R Techniques: Experimental Results Over a Bare Soil Field","volume":"47","author":"Camps","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roussel, N., Frappart, F., Ramillien, G., Darrozes, J., Baup, F., and Ha, C. (2015, January 26\u201331). Detection of soil moisture content changes by using a single geodetic antenna: The case of an agricultural plot. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2015.7326192"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3390\/s110100719","article-title":"CAROLS: A new airborne L-band radiometer for ocean surface and land observations","volume":"11","author":"Zribi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardellach, E., Fabra, F., Nogu\u00e9s-Correig, O., Oliveras, S., Rib\u00f3, S., and Rius, A. (2011). GNSS-R ground-based and airborne campaigns for ocean, land, ice, and snow techniques: Application to the GOLD-RTR data sets. Radio Sci., 46.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RS004683"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.894662","article-title":"A fully software Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) receiver for soil monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Pei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13120","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013120","article-title":"First Polarimetric GNSS-R Measurements from a Stratospheric Flight over Boreal Forests","volume":"7","author":"Vidal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068189","article-title":"Demonstrating soil moisture remote sensing with observations from the UK TechDemoSat-1 satellite mission","volume":"43","author":"Chew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2009.2033608","article-title":"A Physical Model for GPS Multipath Caused by Land Reflections: Toward Bare Soil Moisture Retrievals","volume":"3","author":"Zavorotny","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brogioni, M., Egido, A., Floury, N., Giusto, R., Guerriero, L., and Pierdicca, N. (2010, January 25\u201330). A simulator prototype of delay-doppler maps for GNSS reflections from bare and vegetated soils. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5651296"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerriero, L., Pierdicca, N., Egido, A., Caparrini, M., Paloscia, S., Santi, E., and Floury, N. (2013, January 21\u201326). Modeling of the GNSS-R signal as a function of soil moisture and vegetation biomass. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium\u2014IGARSS, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723722"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2014.02.007","article-title":"GNSS-Reflectometry: Forest canopies polarization scattering properties and modeling","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6542","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2297572","article-title":"SAVERS: A simulator of GNSS reflections from bare and vegetated soils","volume":"52","author":"Pierdicca","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Egido, A. (2013). GNSS Reflectometry for Land Remote Sensing Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28287","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128287","article-title":"Prototyping a GNSS-Based Passive Radar for UAVs: An Instrument to Classify theWater Content Feature of Lands","volume":"15","author":"Marucco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2014.2374220","article-title":"Tutorial on Remote Sensing Using GNSS Bistatic Radar of Opportunity","volume":"2","author":"Zavorotny","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Antcom 42G1215RL-AA-XT-1 Datasheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.antcom.com\/documents\/catalogs\/Page\/42G1215RL-AA-XT-1_L1L2GPSAntennas.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Cobham DS1563 Datasheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.european-antennas.co.uk\/media\/1720\/ds1563.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Bavaro, M. SDRNav40 Webpage. Available online: http:\/\/www.onetalent-gnss.com\/ideas\/software-defined-radio\/sdrnav40."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ixblue Airins Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.ixblue.com\/products\/airins."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ublox NEO\/LEA 6T Reference. Available online: https:\/\/www.u-blox.com\/en\/product\/neolea-6t."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauser, D., Caudal, G., Le Gac, C., Valentin, R., Delaye, L., and Tison, C. (2014, January 13\u201318). KuROS: A new airborne Ku-band Doppler radar for observation of the ocean surface. Proceedings of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec City, QC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946412"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00673-3","article-title":"Allometric relationships for branch and tree woody biomass of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster A\u0131t.)","volume":"158","author":"Trichet","year":"2002","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.853568","article-title":"A forest geometric description of a maritime pine forest suitable for discrete microwave models","volume":"43","author":"Saleh","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0044-8","article-title":"Generalized biomass equations for the main aboveground biomass components of maritime pine across contrasting environments","volume":"68","author":"Shaiek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1109\/36.134089","article-title":"Relating forest biomass to SAR data","volume":"30","author":"Beaudoin","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Beckmann, P., and Spizzichino, A. (1987). The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces, Artech House. Radar Library."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1109\/36.841977","article-title":"Scattering of GPS signals from the ocean with wind remote sensing application","volume":"38","author":"Zavorotny","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-2261-2014","article-title":"Simulations of direct and reflected wave trajectories for ground-based GNSS-R experiments","volume":"7","author":"Roussel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soulat, F. (2004). Sea state monitoring using coastal GNSS-R. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020680"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Villard, L. (2009). Forward & Inverse Modeling for Synthetic Aperture Radar Observables in Bistatic Configuration. Applications in Forest Remote Sensing. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l\u2019A\u00e9ronautique et de l\u2019Espace]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.04.025","article-title":"Forest biomass monitoring with GNSS-R: Theoretical simulations","volume":"47","author":"Ferrazzoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13139","article-title":"An integrated pan-tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets","volume":"22","author":"Avitabile","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/5\/732\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T23:43:20Z","timestamp":1717544600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/5\/732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s16050732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16050732","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]}}}