{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T07:53:45Z","timestamp":1722585225269},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]],"date-time":"2012-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"During the last years, proteomics has facilitated biomarker discovery by coupling high-throughput techniques with novel nanosensors. In the present review, we focus on the study of label-based and label-free detection systems, as well as nanotechnology approaches, indicating their advantages and applications in biomarker discovery. In addition, several disease biomarkers are shown in order to display the clinical importance of the improvement of sensitivity and selectivity by using nanoproteomics approaches as novel sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]],"date-time":"2012-02-16T16:11:43Z","timestamp":1329408703000},"page":"2284-2308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Biomarker Discovery by Novel Sensors Based on Nanoproteomics Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Noelia","family":"Dasilva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n del C\u00e1ncer\/IBMCC (USAL\/CSIC), Departamento de Medicina and Servicio General de Citometr\u00eda, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n del C\u00e1ncer\/IBMCC (USAL\/CSIC), Departamento de Medicina and Servicio General de Citometr\u00eda, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Matarraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n del C\u00e1ncer\/IBMCC (USAL\/CSIC), Departamento de Medicina and Servicio General de Citometr\u00eda, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n del C\u00e1ncer\/IBMCC (USAL\/CSIC), Departamento de Medicina and Servicio General de Citometr\u00eda, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Paradinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Orfao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n del C\u00e1ncer\/IBMCC (USAL\/CSIC), Departamento de Medicina and Servicio General de Citometr\u00eda, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7305-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n del C\u00e1ncer\/IBMCC (USAL\/CSIC), Departamento de Medicina and Servicio General de Citometr\u00eda, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1586\/epr.09.1","article-title":"Advanced proteomic technologies for cancer biomarker discovery","volume":"6","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.1.150","article-title":"Novel diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer","volume":"1","author":"Madu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.11.26","article-title":"Nano-enabled biomarker discovery and detection","volume":"5","author":"Rakowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomark. Med"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"499","article-title":"Nanotechniques in proteomics: Protein microarrays and novel detection platforms","volume":"45","author":"Matarraz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-011-0635-8","article-title":"New Technologies in cancer. Protein microarrays for biomarker discovery","volume":"13","author":"Matarraz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, H., Murray, K., Soper, S., and Feng, J. (2011). Ultra sensitive affinity chromatography on avidin-functionalized PMMA microchip for low abundant post-translational modified protein enrichment. Biomed. Microdevices.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-011-9586-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1586\/epr.10.99","article-title":"Protein microarrays and novel detection platforms","volume":"8","author":"Chandra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.04.027","article-title":"Emerging nanoproteomics approaches for disease biomarker detection: A current perspective","volume":"74","author":"Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2010.07626.x","article-title":"Protein-protein interactions and selection: Array-based techniques for screening disease-associated biomarkers in predictive\/early diagnosis","volume":"277","author":"Tomizaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2004.12.006","article-title":"Protein microarrays as tools for functional proteomics","volume":"9","author":"LaBaer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2174\/138620706776055467","article-title":"Microarray: A versatile platform for high-throughput functional proteomics","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/3\/030","article-title":"Nanostructuring of a porous alumina matrix for a biomolecular microarray","volume":"17","author":"Grasso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.11.020","article-title":"Novel technologies for the discovery and quantitation of biomarkers of toxicity","volume":"245","author":"Collings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1021\/pr8007539","article-title":"Glycoproteomics for prostate cancer detection: Changes in serum PSA glycosylation patterns","volume":"8","author":"Meany","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2005.10.021","article-title":"Serum proteomic signature for cystic fibrosis using an antibody microarray platform","volume":"87","author":"Srivastava","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-4-r28","article-title":"Two-color, rolling-circle amplification on antibody microarrays for sensitive, multiplexed serum-protein measurements","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M800171-MCP200","article-title":"Antibody array analysis with label-based detection and resolution of protein size","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blazer, L.L., Roman, D.L., Muxlow, M.R., and Neubig, R.R. (2010). Use of flow cytometric methods to quantify protein-protein interactions. Curr. Protoc. Cytom.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142956.cy1311s51"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.2","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture","volume":"3","author":"Harsha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M400021-MCP200","article-title":"Quantitative cancer proteomics: Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) as a tool for prostate cancer research","volume":"3","author":"Everley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2007.09.001","article-title":"Top-down quantitation and characterization of SILAC-labeled proteins","volume":"18","author":"Waanders","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Smith, J.W., and Huang, C.M. (2010). Mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics. J. Biomed. Biotechnol.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/840518"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2144\/000113569","article-title":"Label-free analysis of biomolecular interactions using SPR imaging","volume":"50","author":"Kodoyianni","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.353","article-title":"Label-free biomarker detection from whole blood","volume":"5","author":"Stern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900306106","article-title":"Label-free biosensing with functionalized nanopipette probes","volume":"106","author":"Umehara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.07.063","article-title":"A label-free immunosensor based on modified mesoporous silica for simultaneous determination of tumor markers","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.05.005","article-title":"Microfluidic electrochemical immunoarray for ultrasensitive detection of two cancer biomarker proteins in serum","volume":"26","author":"Chikkaveeraiah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.10.46","article-title":"Nanoproteomics for nanomedicine","volume":"5","author":"Nicolini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3390\/ma4081483","article-title":"Matrices for sensors from inorganic, organic, and biological nanocomposites","volume":"4","author":"Nicolini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(95)08474-6","article-title":"Bacteriorhodopsin thin film as a sensitive layer for an anaesthetic sensor","volume":"284\u2013285","author":"Maccioni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt:20060020","article-title":"Nanostructuring of heme-proteins for biodevice applications","volume":"1","author":"Paternolli","year":"2007","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31925","article-title":"Photoreversibility and photostability in films of octopus rhodopsin isolated from octopus photoreceptor membranes","volume":"88","author":"Paternolli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2073","article-title":"An overview of nanotechnology-based functional proteomics for cancer and cell cycle progression","volume":"30","author":"Nicolini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Nicolini, C., and LaBaer, J. (2010). Functional Proteomics & Nanotechnology-Based Microarrays, Pan Stanford Series on Nanobiotechnology. Chapters 1\u201312,."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2005.04971.x","article-title":"Emerging tools for real-time label-free detection of interactions on functional protein microarrays","volume":"272","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"437","article-title":"Biomolecular interactions by surface plasmon resonance technology","volume":"41","author":"Torreri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2448-3","article-title":"Label-free detection of cancer biomarker candidates using surface plasmon resonance imaging","volume":"393","author":"Ladd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/s90201033","article-title":"Recent advances in nanotechnology applied to biosensors","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16442","DOI":"10.1021\/la101375j","article-title":"Surface effects in water-soluble shell-core hybrid gold nanoparticles in oligonucleotide single strand recognition for sequence-specific bioactivation","volume":"26","author":"Zahavy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051798d","article-title":"Detection of protein analytes via nanoparticle-based bio bar code technology","volume":"78","author":"Bao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3847-9","article-title":"Use of quantum dots in the development of assays for cancer biomarkers","volume":"397","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200701983","article-title":"In situ molecular profiling of breast cancer biomarkers with multicolor quantum dots","volume":"19","author":"Yezhelyev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2005.850478","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications","volume":"4","author":"Sinha","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEE Trans. Nanobiosci"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902802b","article-title":"Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for oral cancer biomarker IL-6 using carbon nanotube forest electrodes and multilabel amplification","volume":"82","author":"Malhotra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200403113","article-title":"Carbon-nanotube based electrochemical biosensors: A review","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1039\/c0mb00073f","article-title":"MiS-MALDI: Microgel-selected detection of protein biomarkers by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry","volume":"6","author":"Cerasoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/nl072174l","article-title":"Smart hydrogel particles: Biomarker harvesting: One-step affinity purification, size exclusion, and protection against degradation","volume":"8","author":"Luchini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.07.011","article-title":"Anodic porous alumina as mechanical stability enhancer for LDL-cholesterol sensitive electrodes","volume":"23","author":"Stura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.10.020","article-title":"Poly(2,5-dimethylaniline)-MWNTs nanocomposite: A new material for conductometric acid vapours sensor","volume":"98","author":"Bavastrello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.05.026","article-title":"Nano-bio-chips for high performance multiplexed protein detection: determinations of cancer biomarkers in serum and saliva using quantum dot bioconjugate labels","volume":"24","author":"Jokerst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2010.07.001","article-title":"Secretome proteomics for discovery of cancer biomarkers","volume":"73","author":"Makridakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2010.04.002","article-title":"Advances in proteomic prostate cancer biomarker discovery","volume":"73","author":"Goo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misek, D.E., and Kim, E.H. (2011). Protein biomarkers for the early detection of breast cancer. Int. J. Proteomics.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/343582"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.11.029","article-title":"Biomarker discovery for ovarian cancer using SELDI-TOF-MS","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.8282","article-title":"New MUC1 serum immunoassay differentiates pancreatic cancer from pancreatitis","volume":"24","author":"Gold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"536","article-title":"Molecular and clinical markers of pancreas cancer","volume":"11","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2010","journal-title":"JOP"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200600017","article-title":"Proteomic biomarkers for autoimmune disease","volume":"6","author":"Hueber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2004.02.005","article-title":"Array technology and proteomics in autoimmune diseases","volume":"200","author":"Krenn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"177","article-title":"Polymorphisms in genes encoding tumor necrosis factor-alpha and HLA-DRB1 are not associated with response to infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Pinto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Serada, S., Fujimoto, M., and Naka, T. Application of Novel Quantitative Proteomic Technologies to Identify New Serological Biomarkers in Autoimmune Diseases. Available online: http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/source\/pdfs\/20669\/InTechApplication_of_novel_quantitative_proteomic_technologies_to_identify_new_serological_biomarkers_in_autoimmune_diseases.pdf (accessed on 1 December 2011).","DOI":"10.5772\/20726"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23587","article-title":"Identification of autoantibody clusters that best predict lupus disease activity using glomerular proteome arrays","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.11.022","article-title":"Peptide-coated nanotube-based biosensor for the detection of disease-specific autoantibodies in human serum","volume":"23","author":"Drouvalakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1501","article-title":"Protein microarrays with carbon nanotubes as multicolor raman labels","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson, A., Wuttge, D.M., Ingvarsson, J., Bengtsson, A.A., Sturfelt, G., Borrebaeck, C.A., and Wingren, C. (2011). Serum protein profiling of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis using recombinant antibody microarrays. Mol. Cell. Proteomics.","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.005033"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1021\/pr2007939","article-title":"Characterization of the mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques: A comprehensive resource for tuberculosis research","volume":"11","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmr044","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma with magnetic bead-based matrix-assisted Laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. (Shanghai)"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.11.22","article-title":"Biomarkers that reflect immune activation or dysfunction will be important in the management of infectious diseases","volume":"5","author":"Gaudieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomark. Med"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.11.015","article-title":"Nanotechnology diagnostics for infectious diseases prevalent in developing countries","volume":"62","author":"Hauck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69342-2","article-title":"Identification of diagnostic markers for tuberculosis by proteomic fingerprinting of serum","volume":"368","author":"Agranoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.016394-0","article-title":"Alpha1-acid glycoprotein as a putative biomarker for monitoring the development of the type II reactional stage of leprosy","volume":"59","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00412-08","article-title":"Detection of anthrax toxin by an ultrasensitive immunoassay using europium nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.08.020","article-title":"An integrated microfluidic system for rapid diagnosis of dengue virus infection","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.11.16","article-title":"The search for biomarkers of immune restoration disease associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV patients beginning antiretroviral therapy","volume":"5","author":"Oliver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomark. Med"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200300799","article-title":"Cystatin C as a potential cerebrospinal fluid marker for the diagnosis of creutzfeldt-jakob disease","volume":"4","author":"Sanchez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/77401","article-title":"Temporary inactivation of follicular dendritic cells delays neuroinvasion of scrapie","volume":"6","author":"Mabbott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201000460","article-title":"Proteomic technologies for the identification of disease biomarkers in serum: Advances and challenges ahead","volume":"11","author":"Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060489g","article-title":"Proteome analysis of serum from type 2 diabetics with nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.893","article-title":"Nanomedicine and its potential in diabetes research and practice","volume":"24","author":"Pickup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.08.002","article-title":"Nanosensors and nanomaterials for monitoring glucose in diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Cash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/2\/2284\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T23:00:30Z","timestamp":1717110030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/2\/2284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s120202284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120202284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]]}}}