{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:47:53Z","timestamp":1740149273946,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,26]],"date-time":"2010-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"This paper presents a sensor system for detecting defects in ship hull surfaces. The sensor was developed to enable a robotic system to perform grit blasting operations on ship hulls. To achieve this, the proposed sensor system captures images with the help of a camera and processes them in real time using a new defect detection method based on thresholding techniques. What makes this method different is its efficiency in the automatic detection of defects from images recorded in variable lighting conditions. The sensor system was tested under real conditions at a Spanish shipyard, with excellent results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,26]],"date-time":"2010-07-26T14:36:08Z","timestamp":1280154968000},"page":"7067-7081","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Sensor System for Detection of Hull Surface Defects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8367-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DSIE, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar s\/n, Cartagena, E-30202 Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4308-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Iborra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSIE, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar s\/n, Cartagena, E-30202 Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSIE, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar s\/n, Cartagena, E-30202 Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1903-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSIE, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar s\/n, Cartagena, E-30202 Spain"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Suard\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSIE, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar s\/n, Cartagena, E-30202 Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Momber, A (2008). Blast Cleaning Technologies, Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73645-5"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Qualification of Paint Systems after UHP Water Jetting and Understanding the Phenomenon of \u201cBlocking\u201d of Flash Rusting","volume":"8","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Protec. Coat. Lin"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Habib, MK (2007). Bioinspiration in Robotics. Walking and Climbing Robots, I-Tech Education and Publishing. Chapter 12,."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7550","DOI":"10.3390\/s90907550","article-title":"Precise 3D Lug Pose Detection Sensor for Automatic Robot Welding Using a Structured-Light Vision System","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8810","DOI":"10.3390\/s91108810","article-title":"Sensor for High Speed, High Precision Measurement of 2-D Positions","volume":"9","author":"Luna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3390\/s100201141","article-title":"System Interface for an Integrated Intelligent Safety System (ISS) for Vehicle Applications","volume":"10","author":"Hannan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10080","DOI":"10.3390\/s91210080","article-title":"Sensors for 3D Imaging: Metric Evaluation and Calibration of a CCD\/CMOS Time-of-Flight Camera","volume":"9","author":"Chiabrando","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10434","DOI":"10.3390\/s91210434","article-title":"Sensor for Distance Estimation Using FFT of Images","volume":"9","author":"Cano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(02)00294-7","article-title":"Automatic Inspection of Metallic Durface Fefects Using Genetic Algorithms","volume":"125","author":"Zheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Tech"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bouguet, JY Camera Calibration Toolbox for Matlab. Available online: http:\/\/www.vision.caltech.edu\/bouguetj\/calib_doc\/ (accessed on 10 March 2010)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A Flexible New Technique for Camera Calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern. Anal"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Davies, ER (2005). Machine Vision: Theory Algorithms Practicalities, Elsevier. [3rd ed]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574709005797","article-title":"A Cost-Effective Robotic Solution for the Cleaning of Ships\u2019 Hulls","volume":"28","author":"Iborra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Zhang, YJ (2001, January 13\u201316). A Review of Recent Evaluation Methods for Image Segmentation. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Abak, AT, Baris, U, and Sankur, B (, January August). The Performance Evaluation of Thresholding Algorithms for Optical Character Recognition. Ulm, Germany."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"146","article-title":"Survey over Image Thresholding Techniques and Quantitative Evaluation","volume":"1","author":"Sezgin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electron. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"62","article-title":"Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms","volume":"8","author":"Otsu","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybren"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Niblack, W (1986). An Introduction to Digital Image Processing, Strandberg Publishing Company."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/8\/7067\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T22:07:20Z","timestamp":1717020440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/8\/7067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,26]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s100807067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100807067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,26]]}}}