{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T06:38:39Z","timestamp":1725691119712},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"The Brazilian Cerrado is significantly affected by anthropic fires every year, which makes the region an important source of pyrogenic emissions. This study aims at generating improved 1 km monthly burned area maps for Cerrado based on remote-sensed information. The algorithm relies on a burn-sensitive vegetation index based on MODIS daily values of near and middle infrared reflectance and makes use of active fire detection from multiple sensors. Validation is performed using reference burned area (BA) maps derived from Landsat imagery. Results are also compared with MODIS standard BA products. A monthly BA database for the Brazilian Cerrado is generated covering the period 2005\u20132014. Estimated value of BA is 1.3 times larger than the value derived from reference data, making the product suitable for applications in fire emission studies and ecosystem management. As expected the intra and inter-annual variability of estimated BA over the Brazilian Cerrado is in agreement with the regime of precipitation. This work represents the first step towards setting up a regional database of BA for Brazil to be developed in the framework of BrFLAS, an R and D project in the areas of fire emissions and ecosystem management planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71115782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T17:08:12Z","timestamp":1448384892000},"page":"15782-15803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["An Algorithm for Burned Area Detection in the Brazilian Cerrado Using 4 \u00b5m MODIS Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7570-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Libonati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-916, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"DaCamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fabiano","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Melchiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stocker, T., Qin, D., Plattner, G., Tignor, M., Allen, S., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. (2013, January 23\u201326). IPCC 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Proceedings of the Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"MCTI\u2014Minist\u00e9rio Para Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (2013) Estimativas Anuais de Emiss\u00f5es de Gases de Efeito Estufa no Brasil. MCTI, Bras\u00edlia, Available online: http:\/\/www.mct.gov.br\/upd_blob\/0226\/226591.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308954022","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of fire scars in Landsat-5 TM images of Amaz\u00f4nia","volume":"14","author":"Pereira","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"19","article-title":"Amazonia biomass burnings in 1987 and an estimate of their tropospheric emissions","volume":"20","author":"Setzer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4996\/fireecology.0701024","article-title":"The use of fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian rainforests of Brazil: Past and present","volume":"7","author":"Pivello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.0036","article-title":"Interactions among Amazon land use, forests and climate: Prospects for a near-term forest tipping point","volume":"363","author":"Nepstad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/19066","article-title":"Large scale improverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire","volume":"398","author":"Nepstad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires","volume":"31","author":"Gillet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128834","article-title":"Warming and earlier spring increases western US forest wildfire activity","volume":"313","author":"Westerling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08187","article-title":"Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire","volume":"18","author":"Flannigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.05.032","article-title":"Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wild-fire","volume":"409","author":"Aldersley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01176","article-title":"Effects of regional climate change on rural fires in Portugal","volume":"57","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, W.A., Schroeder, W., and Jackson, R.B. (2003). Regional feed-backs among fire, climate, and tropical deforestation. J. Geophys. Res., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003494"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00607.x","article-title":"Projecting future fire activity in Amazonia","volume":"9","author":"Cardoso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutyra, L.R., Munger, J.W., Nobre, C.A., Saleska, S.R., Vieira, S.A., and Wofsy, S.C. (2005). Climatic variability and vegetation vulnerability in Amazonia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024981"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601816103","article-title":"A climate-change risk analysis for world ecosystems","volume":"103","author":"Scholze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Fu, R., and Dickinson, R.E. (2006). Rainfall and its seasonality over the Amazon in the 21st century as assessed by the coupled models for the IPCC AR4. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006355"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.002","article-title":"Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate","volume":"259","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ahern, F., Goldammer, J.G., and Justice, C.O. (2001). Global and Regional Vegetation Fire Monitoring from Space: Planning a Coordinated International Effort, SPB Academic Publishing BV."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-006-1012-8","article-title":"Establishing an earth observation product service for the terrestrial carbon community: The GLOBCARBON initiative","volume":"11","author":"Plummer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.013","article-title":"The Collection 5MODIS burned area product: Global evaluation by comparison with the MODIS active fire product","volume":"112","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tansey, K., Gregoire, J.M., Defourny, P., Leigh, R., Pekel, J.F.O., van Bogaert, E., and Bartholome, E. (2008). A new, global, multi-annual (2000\u20132007) burnt area product at 1 km resolution. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031567"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-957-2006","article-title":"Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations","volume":"6","author":"Giglio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-1171-2010","article-title":"Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products","volume":"7","author":"Giglio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boschetti, L., Eva, H.D., Brivio, P.A., and Gr\u00e9goire, J.M. (2004). Lessons to be learned from the comparison of the three satellite-derived biomass burning products. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021229"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, D., and Song, Y. (2009). Comparison of L3JRC and MODIS global burned area products from 2000 to 2007. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011361"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Rudorff, B.F.T., Shimabukuro, Y.E., and Ceballos, J.C. (2007). O Sensor MODIS e suas Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es Ambientais no Brasil, Bookimage."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melchiori, E.A., Setzer, A.W., Morelli, F., Libonati, R., Candido, P., and Jesus, S.A. (2014, January 17\u201320). Landsat-Tm\/Oli algorithm for burned areas in the Brazilian Cerrado\u2014Preliminary results. Proceedings of VII International Conference on Forest Fire Research, Coimbra, Portugal.","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-0884-6_143"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.75.4_799","article-title":"The TRMM \u201cDay-1\u201d radar\/radiometer combined rain-profiling algorithm","volume":"75","author":"Haddad","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2005.01422.x","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity, land use and conservation in the cerrado region of Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.04.007","article-title":"Prototyping a global algorithm for systematic fire-affected area mapping using MODIS time series data","volume":"97","author":"Roy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.10.006","article-title":"An active-fi re based burned area mapping algorithm for the MODIS sensor","volume":"113","author":"Giglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00026-7","article-title":"An algorithm for extracting burned areas from time series of AVHRR GAC data applied at a continental scale","volume":"69","author":"Barbosa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1109\/36.739156","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of NOAA\/AVHRR vegetation indexes for burned surface detection and mapping","volume":"37","author":"Pereira","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.018","article-title":"Retrieving middle infrared reflectance for burned area mapping in tropical environments using MODIS","volume":"114","author":"Libonati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.018","article-title":"On a new coordinate system for improved discrimination of vegetation and burned areas using MIR\/NIR information","volume":"114","author":"Libonati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160120029","article-title":"AVHRR analysis of savanna site through a fire season in Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Setzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Distinguishing vegetation from soil background information","volume":"43","author":"Richardson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.08.017","article-title":"On the need to observe vegetation canopies in the near-infrared to estimate visible light absorption","volume":"113","author":"Pinty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1109\/36.297984","article-title":"Detection of forests using mid-IR reflectance: An application for aerosol studies","volume":"32","author":"Kaufman","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110114466","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of multitemporal image compositing algorithms for burned area analysis","volume":"24","author":"Sousa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948945","article-title":"Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data","volume":"7","author":"Holben","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00016-9","article-title":"Compositing criteria for burned area assessment using multitemporal low resolution satellite data","volume":"65","author":"Barbosa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.808898","article-title":"An algorithm for mapping burnt areas in Australia using SPOT-VEGETATION data","volume":"41","author":"Stroppiana","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210153129","article-title":"Generation of long time series of burn area maps of the boreal forest from NOAA-AVHRR composite data","volume":"23","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699213073","article-title":"Multi-temporal active-fire based burn scar detection algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00078-X","article-title":"Hotspot and NDVI differencing synergy (HANDS): A new technique for burned area mapping over boreal forest","volume":"74","author":"Fraser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1071\/WF03054","article-title":"A dynamic algorithm for wildfire mapping with NOAA\/AVHRR data","volume":"13","author":"Pu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.05.015","article-title":"Retrospective mapping of burnt areas in Central Siberia using a modification of the normalized difference water index","volume":"104","author":"George","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.017","article-title":"Regionally adaptable dNBR-based algorithm for burned area mapping from MODIS data","volume":"109","author":"Loboda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.004","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of cloud obscuration on remote sensing of active fires in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"112","author":"Schroeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/EI120.1","article-title":"Characterizing vegetation fire dynamics in Brazil through multisatellite data: Common trends and practical issues","volume":"9","author":"Schroeder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"397","article-title":"Accuracy assessment: A user\u2019s perspective","volume":"52","author":"Story","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"67","article-title":"The use of structural information for improving land-cover classification accuracies at the rural-urban fringe","volume":"56","author":"Gong","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Karaska, M.A., Huguenin, R.L., van Blaricom, D., and Savitsky, B. (March, January 27). Subpixel classification of cypress and tupelo trees in TM imagery. Proceedings of the 1995 ACSM\/ASPRS Annual Convention and Exposition, Charlotte, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948706","article-title":"Approaches for the production and evaluation of fuzzy land cover classications from remotely-sensed data","volume":"17","author":"Foody","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(99)00061-6","article-title":"A fuzzy set-based accuracy assessment of soft classification","volume":"20","author":"Binaghi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.02.015","article-title":"Analysis of the conflict between omission and commission in low spatial resolution dichotomic thematic products: The pareto boundary","volume":"91","author":"Boschetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032050","article-title":"Assessing the temporal stability of the accuracy of a time series of burned area products","volume":"6","author":"Padilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021275","article-title":"Validation of the tow standard MODIS satellite burned area products and an Empirically-derived merged product in South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Tsela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Wilks, D. (2006). Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.01.005","article-title":"Comparing the accuracies of remote sensing global burned area products using stratified random sampling and estimation","volume":"160","author":"Padilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"64","article-title":"Ten years of global burned area products from spaceborne remote sensing\u2014A review: Analysis of user needs and recommendations for future developments","volume":"26","author":"Mouillot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/15782\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T04:47:16Z","timestamp":1717476436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/15782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs71115782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs71115782","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]]}}}