{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T18:32:12Z","timestamp":1735583532080},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]],"date-time":"2015-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"There is a growing need for developing high-throughput tools for crop phenotyping that would increase the rate of genetic improvement. In most cases, the indicators used for this purpose are related with canopy structure (often acquired with RGB cameras and multispectral sensors allowing the calculation of NDVI), but using approaches related with the crop physiology are rare. High-resolution hyperspectral remote sensing imagery provides optical indices related to physiological condition through the quantification of photosynthetic pigment and chlorophyll fluorescence emission. This study demonstrates the use of narrow-band indicators of stress as a potential tool for phenotyping under rainfed conditions using two airborne datasets acquired over a wheat experiment with 150 plots comprising two species and 50 varieties (bread and durum wheat). The flights were performed at the early stem elongation stage and during the milking stage. Physiological measurements made at the time of flights demonstrated that the second flight was made during the terminal stress, known to largely determine final yield under rainfed conditions. The hyperspectral imagery enabled the extraction of thermal, radiance, and reflectance spectra from 260 spectral bands from each plot for the calculation of indices related to photosynthetic pigment absorption in the visible and red-edge regions, the quantification of chlorophyll fluorescence emission, as well as structural indices related to canopy structure. Under the conditions of this study, the structural indices (i.e., NDVI) did not show a good performance at predicting yield, probably because of the large effects of terminal water stress. Thermal indices, indices related to chlorophyll fluorescence (calculated using the FLD method), and carotenoids pigment indices (PRI and CAR) demonstrated to be better suited for screening complex traits such as crop yield. The study concludes that the indicators derived from high-resolution thermal and hyperspectral airborne imagery are efficient tools for field-based phenotyping providing additional information to standard NDVI imagery currently used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T09:01:19Z","timestamp":1445331679000},"page":"13586-13605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Using High-Resolution Hyperspectral and Thermal Airborne Imagery to Assess Physiological Condition in the Context of Wheat Phenotyping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Gonzalez-Dugo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4807-1070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrovegetal S.A., Demetrio de los Rios 15, 41003 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Zarco-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Matthew, P.R. (2010). Climate Change and Crop Production, CAB International."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, D.K., Mueller, N.D., West, P.C., and Foley, J.A. (2013). Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066428"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2009.10.0564","article-title":"Breeding and cereal yield progress","volume":"50","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1071\/FP12079","article-title":"Phenotyping for drought tolerance in grain crops: When is it useful to breeders?","volume":"39","author":"Passioura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.08.006","article-title":"Novel throughput phenotyping platforms in plant genetic studies","volume":"12","author":"Montes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2012.04.003","article-title":"Field-based phenomics for plant genetics research","volume":"133","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy4030349","article-title":"Proximal remote sensing buggies and potential applications for field-based phenotyping","volume":"5","author":"Deery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy4020279","article-title":"Pheno-copter: A low altitude, autonomous remote-sensing robotic helicopter for high-throughput field-based phenotyping","volume":"4","author":"Chapman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.09.008","article-title":"Field high-throughput phenotyping: The new crop breeding frontier","volume":"19","author":"Araus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuberosa, R. (2012). Phenotyping for drought tolerance of crops in the genomics era. Front. Physiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00347"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0523.1993.tb00590.x","article-title":"Relatioship between grain yield and remotely-sensed data in wheat breeding experiments","volume":"110","author":"Ball","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Breed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2001.931131x","article-title":"In-season prediction of potential grain yield in winter wheat using canopy reflectance","volume":"93","author":"Raun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2013.08.009","article-title":"High-throughput phenotyping early plant vigour of winter wheat","volume":"52","author":"Kipp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1996.00021962003600060011x","article-title":"Canopy light reflectance and field greenness to assess nitrogen fertilization and yield of maize","volume":"88","author":"Ma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Reynolds, M.P., Ortiz-Monasterio, J.I., and McNab, A. (2001). Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erl123","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing of plant pigments","volume":"58","author":"Blackburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.007","article-title":"Fluorescence, temperature and narrow-band indices acquired from a UAV platform for water stress detection using a micro-hyperspectral imager and a thermal camera","volume":"117","author":"Berni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2000.92183x","article-title":"Spectral vegetation indices as nondestructive tools for determining durum wheat yield","volume":"92","author":"Aparicio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000150059","article-title":"Usefulness of spectral reflectance indices as durum wheat yield predictors under contrasting mediterranean conditions","volume":"24","author":"Royo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote SenS."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1071\/AR04214","article-title":"Association between canopy reflectance indices and yield and physiological traits in bread wheat under drought and well-irrigated conditions","volume":"55","author":"Reynolds","year":"2004","journal-title":"AusT. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2009.07.0381","article-title":"Spectral water indices for assessing yield in elite bread wheat genotypes under well-irrigated, water-stressed, and high-temperature conditions","volume":"50","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-037X.1996.tb00454.x","article-title":"Canopy temperature depression association with yield of irrigated spring wheat cultivars in a hot climate","volume":"176","author":"Amani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.003","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of chlorophyll fluorescence and physiological and structural indices acquired from hyperspectral imagery as compared with carbon fluxes measured with eddy covariance","volume":"133","author":"Morales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1071\/FP09123","article-title":"Thermal infrared imaging of crop canopies for the remote diagnosis and quantification of plant responses to water stress in the field","volume":"36","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru309","article-title":"Stress indicators based on airborne thermal imagery for field phenotyping a heterogeneous tree population for response to water constraints","volume":"65","author":"Virlet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00148-6","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence effects on vegetation apparent reflectance: I. Leaf-level measurements and model simulation","volume":"74","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., Deering, D.W., and Harlan, J.C. Monitoring the Vernal Advancements and Retrogradation of Natural Vegetation, Available online: http:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/search.jsp?R=19740022555."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00114-3","article-title":"Estimating par absorbed by vegetation from bidirectional reflectance measurements","volume":"51","author":"Roujean","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.12.013","article-title":"Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture","volume":"90","author":"Haboudane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00018-4","article-title":"Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture","volume":"81","author":"Haboudane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.004","article-title":"Grape quality assessment in vineyards affected by iron deficiency chlorosis using narrow-band physiological remote sensing indices","volume":"114","author":"Meggio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90059-S","article-title":"A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency","volume":"41","author":"Gamon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.036","article-title":"Assessing structural effects on PRI for stress detection in conifer forests","volume":"115","author":"Morales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.024","article-title":"A PRI-based water stress index combining structural and chlorophyll effects: Assessment using diurnal narrow-band airborne imagery and the CWSI thermal index","volume":"138","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"281","article-title":"Estimating leaf carotenoid content in vineyards using high resolution hyperspectral imagery acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)","volume":"171\u2013172","author":"Catalina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90089-3","article-title":"Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (RARS): An algorithm for the remote estimation of the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in soybean leaves","volume":"39","author":"Chappelle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.1975.4314448","article-title":"The fraunhofer line discriminator MKII an airborne instrument for precise and standardized ecological luminescence measurement","volume":"24","author":"Plascyk","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2252877","article-title":"Spatial resolution effects on chlorophyll fluorescence retrieval in a heterogeneous canopy using hyperspectral imagery and radiative transfer simulation","volume":"10","author":"Suarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00186-7","article-title":"Optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation indices","volume":"55","author":"Rondeaux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90134-1","article-title":"A modified soil adjusted vegetation index","volume":"48","author":"Qi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00197-8","article-title":"Comparing prediction power and stability of broadband and hyperspectral vegetation indices for estimation of green leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll density","volume":"76","author":"Broge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954588","article-title":"Reflectance assessment of mite effects on apple trees","volume":"16","author":"Penuelas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1109\/36.934080","article-title":"Scaling-up and model inversion methods with narrowband optical indices for chlorophyll content estimation in closed forest canopies with hyperspectral data","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308953986","article-title":"Red edge spectral measurements from sugar maple leaves","volume":"14","author":"Vogelmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(96)80081-2","article-title":"Detection of vegetation stress via a new high resolution fluorescence imaging system","volume":"148","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(81)90032-7","article-title":"Normalizing the stress-degree-day parameter for environmental variability","volume":"24","author":"Idso","year":"1981","journal-title":"Agric. MeteoroL."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(82)90020-6","article-title":"Non-water-stressed baselines: A key to measuring and interpreting plant water stress","volume":"27","author":"Idso","year":"1982","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90020-5","article-title":"Estimating crop water deficit using the relation between surface-air temperature and spectral vegetation index","volume":"49","author":"Moran","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2007.00126.x","article-title":"Can wheat yield be assessed by early measurements of normalized difference vegetation index?","volume":"150","author":"Marti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2014.875291","article-title":"Drought stress in wheat during flowering and grain-filling periods","volume":"33","author":"Farooq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert029","article-title":"Thermography to explore plant-environment interactions","volume":"64","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1998.0011183X003800060011x","article-title":"Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies","volume":"38","author":"Fischer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00028527","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in plant physiology\u2014II. Interpretation of fluorescence signals","volume":"5","author":"Krause","year":"1984","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(97)00079-8","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence as a selection criterion for grain yield in durum wheat under mediterranean conditions","volume":"55","author":"Araus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320008111","article-title":"Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"111","author":"Guanter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1997.0011183X003700010033x","article-title":"Visible and near-infrared reflectance assessment of salinity effects on barley","volume":"37","author":"Isla","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1999.3961611x","article-title":"Physiological and genetic changes of irrigated wheat in the post-green revolution period and approaches for meeting projected global demand","volume":"39","author":"Reynolds","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12114","article-title":"Wheat genotypic variability in grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination under mediterranean conditions assessed by spectral reflectance","volume":"56","author":"Lobos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/10\/13586\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:43:58Z","timestamp":1717461838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/10\/13586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs71013586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs71013586","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]]}}}