{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T15:16:51Z","timestamp":1722871011517},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Better information regarding the spatial variability of height, Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and stocking could improve inventory estimates at the operational Planning Unit since these parameters are used extensively in allometric equations, including stem volume, biomass and carbon calculations. In this study, the influence of stand stocking on height and DBH of two even aged radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stands were investigated using airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data at a study site in New South Wales, Australia. Both stands were characterized by irregular stocking due to patchy establishment and self-thinning in the absence of any silvicultural thinning events. For the purpose of this study, a total of 34 plots from a 34 year old site and 43 plots from a nine year old site were established, from which a total of 447 trees were sampled. Within these plots, DBH and height measurements were measured and their relationships with stocking were evaluated. LiDAR was used for height estimation as well as stem counts in fixed plots (stocking). The results showed a significant relationship between stem DBH and stocking. At both locations, trees with larger diameters were found on lower stocking sites. Height values were also significantly correlated with stocking, with taller trees associated with high stocking. These results were further verified of additional tree samples, with independent field surveys for DBH and LiDAR-derived metrics for height analysis. This study confirmed the relationship between P. radiata tree heights and stem diameter with stocking and demonstrated the capacity of LiDAR to capture sub-compartment variation in these tree-level attributes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6087592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T15:25:11Z","timestamp":1408116311000},"page":"7592-7609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Sub-Compartment Variation in Tree Height, Stem Diameter and Stocking in a Pinus radiata D. Don Plantation Examined Using Airborne LiDAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hanieh","family":"Saremi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lalit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Science Centre, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, North Parramatta, New South Wales 2119, Australia"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Melville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trangie Agricultural Research Centre, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Trangie, New South Wales 2823, Australia"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Census Pty Ltd., Morisset, New South Wales 2264, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cps072","article-title":"Factors influencing the growth of radiata pine plantations in chile","volume":"86","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Forrest, W.G. (1969). Variations in the Accumulation, Distribution and Movement of Mineral Nutrients in Radiata Pine Plantations.. Ph.D. Thesis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"10","article-title":"Influence of exposure and elevation on radiata pine branch size, log velocity, sweep, taper and value","volume":"52","author":"McCallum","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"18","article-title":"The influence of initial stocking on corewood stiffness in a clonal experiment of 11-year-old. Pinus radiata D. Don","volume":"49","author":"Lasserre","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"193","article-title":"Radiation\u2014Vegetation relationships in an eucalyptus forest","volume":"66","author":"Kumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpm032","article-title":"Development of a stand density management diagram for radiata pine stands including assessment of stand stability","volume":"82","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2004.10.037","article-title":"The effects of genotype and spacing on Pinus radiata [D. Don] corewood stiffness in an 11-year old experiment","volume":"205","author":"Lasserre","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"230","article-title":"The influence of tree breeding and stocking rate on tree crop quality","volume":"24","author":"James","year":"1979","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"24","article-title":"Assessing interactions between initial stand stocking and genotype on growth and form of 17 year old Pinus radiata in Canterbury","volume":"52","author":"Waghorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mead, D.J. (2013). Sustainable Management of Pinus Radiata Plantations, FAO Forestry Paper."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"23","article-title":"Mortality trends in Pinus radiata in the rotorua region","volume":"31","author":"Klitscher","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Mason, E.G. (1992). Decision-Support Systems for Establishing Radiata Pine Plantations in the Central North Island of New Zealand.. Ph.D. Thesis."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Linder, S., and Kellomaki, S. (1993). Management of Structure and Productivity of Borealand Subalpine Forests, Studia Forestalia Suecica."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Hocker, H.W. (1979). Introduction to Forest Biology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"152","article-title":"The effect of initial spacing on growth and crop selection of radiata pine seedlings and cuttings.","volume":"156","author":"Menzies","year":"1989","journal-title":"Efficiency of Stand Establishment Operations"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Whiteside, I.D. (1962). Silvicultural characteristics of radiata pine in Tapanui district. N. Z. J. For. Sci, 594\u2013607."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.12.1389","article-title":"Using tree clusters to derive forest properties from small footprint lidar data","volume":"72","author":"Bortolot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580310019257","article-title":"Practical large-scale forest stand inventory using small-footprint airborne scanning laser","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"191","article-title":"Determining an optimal model for processing lidar data at the plot level: Results for a Pinus radiata plantation in New South Wales","volume":"41","author":"Stone","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903380573","article-title":"Campaign and site effects in lidar prediction models for site-quality assessment of radiata pine plantations in South Australia","volume":"31","author":"Rombouts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cps002","article-title":"Estimation of stand variables in Pinus radiata D. Don plantations using different lidar pulse densities","volume":"85","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3112494","article-title":"Airborne light detection and ranging (Lidar) for individual tree stem location, height, and biomass measurements","volume":"3","author":"Edson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.08.003","article-title":"Predicting individual tree attributes from airborne laser point clouds based on the random forests technique","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7671","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.823523","article-title":"A mixed pixel- and region-based approach for using airborne laser scanning data for individual tree crown delineation in Pinus radiata D. Don plantations","volume":"34","author":"Barbosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1109\/36.921414","article-title":"A segmentation-based method to retrieve stem volume estimates from 3-D tree height models produced by laser scanners","volume":"39","author":"Kelle","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.5589\/m03-024","article-title":"Combined high-density lidar and multispectral imagery for individual tree crown analysis","volume":"29","author":"Leckie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094163","article-title":"Delineating individual trees from Lidar data: A comparison of vector- and raster-based segmentation approaches","volume":"5","author":"Jakubowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Turner, R.S. (2006). An Airborne Lidar Canopy Segmentation Approach for Estimating Above-Ground Biomass in Coastal Eucalypt Forests.. Ph.D. Thesis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.78.1.75","article-title":"A new method for segmenting individual trees from the lidar point cloud","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watt, M., Meredith, A., Watt, P., and Gunn, A. (2013). Use of lidar to estimate stand characteristics for thinning operations in young Douglas-fir plantations. N. Z. J. For. Sci, 43.","DOI":"10.1186\/1179-5395-43-18"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc2011-050","article-title":"Operational implementation of a lidar inventory in Boreal Ontario","volume":"87","author":"Woods","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forest. Chron"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-014-0985-2","article-title":"Airborne lidar derived canopy height model reveals a significant difference in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) heights based on slope and aspect of sites","volume":"28","author":"Saremi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saremi, H., Kumar, L., Turner, R., Stone, C., and Melville, G. (2014). Impact of local slope and aspect assessed from LiDAR records on tree diameter in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations. Ann. For. Sci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-014-0374-4"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ryan, P.J., and Holmes, G.I. (1986). Geology of Hanging Rock and Nundle State Forests, Soils and Nutrition Group, Forestry Commission of New South Wales."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Xu, T., and Hutchinson, M.F. (2011). Anuclim Version 6.1 User Guide, The Australian National University, Fenner School of Environment and Society."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Fusion Manual Version 2.90.. Available online: http:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2307\/1400446","article-title":"Accounting for natural extraneous variation in the analysis of field experiments","volume":"2","author":"Gilmour","year":"1997","journal-title":"JABES J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Butler, D., Cullis, B.R., Gilmour, A.R., and Gogel, B.J. (2009). Asreml-R Reference Manual, Release 3, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. (2011). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kini, A.U., and Popescu, S.C. (2004, January 12\u201316). Treevaw: A versatile tool for analyzing forest canopy lidar data\u2014A preview with an eye towards future.. Kansas City, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.8.923","article-title":"Isolating individual trees in a savanna woodland using small footprint lidar data","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"73","article-title":"Height growth of Pinus radiata as affected by stocking","volume":"25","author":"Maclaren","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/23251","article-title":"A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems","volume":"400","author":"West","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.10.011","article-title":"Moving beyond simple linear allometric relationships between tree height and diameter","volume":"222","author":"Watt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpn023","article-title":"Wind effects on juvenile trees: A review with special reference to toppling of radiata pine growing in new zealand","volume":"81","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"244","article-title":"Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations","volume":"12","author":"Cremer","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.10.008","article-title":"Managing drought-induced mortality in Pinus radiata plantations under climate change conditions: A local approach using digital camera data","volume":"265","author":"Stone","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2989\/20702620.2012.741767","article-title":"Site quality assessment of a Pinus radiata plantation in Victoria, Australia, using lidar technology","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"South. For"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpr051","article-title":"Comparative testing of single-tree detection algorithms under different types of forest","volume":"85","author":"Vauhkonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Venzin, C. (2013). Analyzing the Impact of High Resolution DEM Uncertainty on Hydrological Models Using a Parallel Computing Approach.. M.Sc. Thesis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5589\/m03-022","article-title":"Accuracy of a high-resolution lidar terrain model under a conifer forest canopy","volume":"29","author":"Reutebuch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1179-5395-43-15","article-title":"The influence of lidar pulse density and plot size on the accuracy of New Zealand plantation stand volume equations","volume":"43","author":"Watt","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Z. J. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4124010","article-title":"Plant species richness is associated with canopy height and topography in a neotropical forest","volume":"4","author":"Wolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/8\/7592\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T18:37:32Z","timestamp":1717353452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/8\/7592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6087592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6087592","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]}}}