{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1724717489256},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42374209"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["YSBR-018"]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration \u2018Ionospheric Forecast and Alerting\u2019 Youth Innovation Team","award":["CMA2024QN09"]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["1244058","1242028"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"In this study, we used the Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar (SYISR) to observe the altitude profiles of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) during a moderate magnetic storm from 13 to 15 March 2022. Three TIDs were recorded, including two large-scale TIDs (LSTIDs) and one medium-scale TID (MSTID). These LSTIDs occurred during the storm recovery phase, characterized by periods of ~110\u2013155 min, downward phase velocities of 22\u201360 m\/s, and a relative amplitude of 17\u201325%. A nearly vertical front was noted at ~350\u2013550 km, differing from AGW theory predictions. This structure is more attributed to the combined effects of sunrise-induced electron density changes and pre-sunrise uplift. Moreover, GNSS observations linked this LSTID to high-latitude origins, indicating a connection to polar magnetic storm excitation. However, the second LSTID was observed at lower altitudes (150\u2013360 km) with a higher elevation angle (~17\u00b0). This LSTID, observed by the SYISR, was absent in the GNSS data from mainland China and Japan, suggesting a potential local source. The MSTID exhibited a larger relative amplitude of 29\u201336% at lower altitudes (130\u2013210 km) with severe upward attenuation. The MSTID may be related to atmospheric gravity waves from the lower atmosphere. AGWs are considered to be the perturbation source for this MSTID event.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:14:31Z","timestamp":1724656471000},"page":"3126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Observation of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Using the Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9278-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2202-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3379-9392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinan","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4390-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5231-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for Feng Yun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for Feng Yun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4089-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongqiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-0633(91)90170-F","article-title":"Auroral electrojet effect on the global occurrence pattern of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances","volume":"39","author":"Hajkowicz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Planet. 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