{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T01:16:45Z","timestamp":1728177405290},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61927807","52275578"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC0122102"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["20210302123027","20210302124203"]},{"name":"Shanxi \u201c1331 Project\u201d Key Subject Construction","award":["1331KSC"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Ultrasound is a powerful and versatile technology that has been applied extensively in medicine and scientific research. The development of miniature underwater robots focuses on achieving specific tasks, such as surveys and inspections in confined spaces. However, traditional sonar has limited use in micro underwater robots due to its large size and heavy power demands. Conversely, capacitive micromechanical ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) offer various advantages, including a wide bandwidth, compact size, and integration feasibility. These attributes make CMUTs a candidate for obstacle avoidance in micro underwater robots. Hence, a novel CMUT structure using Si-Si bonding is proposed. In this design, a membrane isolation layer replaces the cavity bottom isolation layer, simplifying the process and improving bond reliability. A finite element model of the CMUT was constructed in COMSOL and numerically assessed for the CMUT\u2019s operating frequency, collapse voltage, and submerged depth. The CMUT, manufactured using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, undergoes waterproofing with PDMS\u2014A material with similar acoustic impedance to water and corrosion resistance. Underwater tests reveal the CMUT\u2019s resonant frequency in water as approximately 2 MHz, with a \u22123 dB bandwidth of 108.7%, a transmit\/receive beam width of 7.3\u00b0, and a standard deviation of measured distance from the true distance of less than 0.05. These outcomes suggest that CMUTs hold promise in obstacle avoidance applications for fish-shaped underwater robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T17:25:01Z","timestamp":1706549101000},"page":"497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of Submerged MEMS Ultrasonic Sensors for Underwater Obstacle Avoidance Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Renxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9897-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changde","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Shurui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaodong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6572-2045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Licheng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2015.2506204","article-title":"Obstacle Avoidance Approaches for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle: Simulation and Experimental Results","volume":"41","author":"Braginsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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