{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T16:17:16Z","timestamp":1740154636264,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission","award":["818346","952051"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Proper management of within-field variability is crucial for maximizing crop yield, production outcomes and resource use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. This study evaluated the agroeconomic and environmental feasibilities of site-specific nitrogen fertilization (SNF) in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). On-line visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to estimate soil pH, organic carbon (OC), soil organic matter (SOM), P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, moisture content (MC), Ca:Mg and K:Mg for one field in Spain. Normalized difference vegetation indexes of the previous crop were retrieved from Sentine-2 images. Rasterization of soil and crop data layers created a spatially homogenous dataset followed by delineation of a management zone (MZ) map using a k-means cluster analysis. MZ clusters were ranked relying on the within-cluster soil fertility attributes. A strip experiment was conducted by creating parallel stripes distributed over the MZ map, over which two SNF treatments (i.e., SNF-Kings approach [KA] and SNF-Robin Hood approach [RHA]) were compared against the uniform rate N (URN) control treatment. In SNF-KA, the highest and lowest N dose was applied in the most and least fertile MZ, respectively, whereas the opposite approach was adopted in the SNF-RHA treatment. Yield and cost\u2013benefit analyses provided both SNF treatments to produce more yield (KA = 2.72 and RHA = 2.74 t ha\u22121) than the URN (2.64 t ha\u22121) treatment, leading to increasing gross margins by EUR 91 ha\u22121 (SNF\u2013KA) and EUR 88.5 ha\u22121 (SNF\u2013RHA). While SNF-KA reduced N input by 66.54 kg N ha\u22121, SNF\u2013RHA applied more N by 17.90 kg N ha\u22121 than URN. Additionally, SNF\u2013RHA attempted to equalize yield responses to N across MZ classes, with a small increase in N input. This study, therefore, suggests adopting SNF\u2013RHA for increasing yield and gross margin and accurate distribution of N according to per MZ N response. Future studies, however, should address the limitations of the current study by delineating MZ maps with the incorporation of additional soil information (e.g., mineral N and clay) for optimizing N doses as well as evaluating agroeconomic performance across multiple sites and years using a full-budget analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T17:12:13Z","timestamp":1700586733000},"page":"5442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Precision Nitrogen Fertilization for Opium Poppy Using Combined Proximal and Remote Sensor Data Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4406-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Abdul","family":"Munnaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Universiteit Gent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Universiteit Gent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Calera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgriSat Iberia SL, Paseo de la Innovaci\u00f3n 1, 02006 Albacete, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0354-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Mounem","family":"Mouazen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Universiteit Gent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11540-019-09431-2","article-title":"The Importance of Nutrient Management for Potato Production Part I: Plant Nutrition and Yield","volume":"63","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Potato Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12230-012-9297-5","article-title":"Different Nitrogen Sources Affect Biomass Partitioning and Quality of Potato Production in a Hydroponic System","volume":"90","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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