{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T16:16:40Z","timestamp":1740154600146,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61991450","61991453"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai \u201cScience and Technology Innovation Action Plan\u201d Social Development Science and Technology Project","award":["20DZ1206502"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"The efficacy of underwater laser detection is considerably impacted by the intense attenuation of light resulting from the scattering and absorption effects of water. In this study, we present the simulation and design of the underwater Lidar system that integrates the paraxial multi-channel detection strategy to enhance the dynamic range in subsea environments. To evaluate the performance of the system with multiple detection channels, we introduce a multi-channel underwater Lidar simulation (MULS) method based on the radiative transfer Lidar equations. Experimental validations were conducted under varied water conditions to assess the performance of the prototype and validate the simulation results. The measured range accuracy of each channel in the prototype is better than 0.1085 m, and the simulated and measured waveforms exhibit strong correlations, verifying the reliability and validity of the simulation method. The effects of transceiver configuration and the maximum detectable range of different detection methods were also discussed. Preliminary results indicate that the paraxial multi-channel design effectively suppresses near-field backscattering and substantially enhances the maximum detectable range. The findings presented in this study may provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of future underwater laser detection systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T05:58:38Z","timestamp":1689919118000},"page":"3618","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Simulation and Design of an Underwater Lidar System Using Non-Coaxial Optics and Multiple Detection Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Shouchuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Department of Guanlan Ocean Science Satellites, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Weibiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"},{"name":"Department of Guanlan Ocean Science Satellites, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}]},{"given":"Shanjiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Chunhe","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, K., Cui, W.C., and Chen, C. 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