{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T05:11:12Z","timestamp":1684473072643},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42174206"]},{"name":"Young Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Science"},{"name":"Stable-Support Scientific Project of China Research Institute of Radiowave Propaga-tion","award":["A13XXXXWXX"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"The plasma lines observed by Sanya incoherent scatter radar (SYISR) are dependent on the enhancement of Langmuir waves due to superthermal photoelectrons generated by solar EUV radiation. The plasma line power spectrum can be obtained using long-pulse and alternating-code transmission signals during the period from sunrise to noon almost every day. For the power spectrum of the long pulse, the CLEAN algorithm that has been applied in this field is used to verify the feasibility of this method for SYISR in only a few cases. However, it is difficult to deal with alternating code with such a low SNR using the general deconvolution method. The irreversible-migration filtering (IMF) method has been developed to separate signal noise from the measurements of the alternating code. Some experimental results from the SYISR measurements validate the excellent performance of the IMF method for alternating code. Additionally, an example observation of the electron density with a high time and range resolution is derived. The results show that plasma line detection can be a powerful new observational capability for SYISR as an ionospheric experimental mode for ionospheric calibration, when possible, which can be simultaneously measured with the ion line for constant radar calibration in the standard fitting of the ion line.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T11:03:58Z","timestamp":1684407838000},"page":"2634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Method of Extracting Plasma Lines Based on Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1092-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglian","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Biqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3379-9392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinan","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Baiqi","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Lingqi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A55","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.139.A55","article-title":"Enhancement of Plasma Density Fluctuations by Nonthermal Electrons","volume":"139","author":"Perkins","year":"1965","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.14.579","article-title":"Incoherent Scatter from Plasma Oscillations in the Ionosphere","volume":"14","author":"Perkins","year":"1965","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"103","article-title":"Auroral field-aligned currents by incoherent scatter plasma line observations in the E region","volume":"14","author":"Haggstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Polar Up. Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5979","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069283","article-title":"High temporal resolution observations of auroral electron density using superthermal electron enhancement of Langmuir waves","volume":"43","author":"Vierinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023380","article-title":"Creating space plasma from the ground","volume":"122","author":"Carlson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(82)90020-4","article-title":"Observations of fluxes of suprathermal electrons accelerated by HF excited instabilities","volume":"44","author":"Carlson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1029\/JA082i029p04793","article-title":"Height of the HF-enhanced plasma line at Arecibo","volume":"82","author":"Muldrew","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7429","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA900476","article-title":"Measurements of HF-enhanced plasma and ion lines at EISCAT with high-altitude resolution","volume":"105","author":"Rietveld","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(93)90007-L","article-title":"Introduction to ionospheric heating at Troms\u00f8\u2014I","volume":"55","author":"Rietveld","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experimental overview. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1029\/94GL01699","article-title":"Application of the Coded Long-Pulse Technique to Plasma Line Studies of the Ionosphere","volume":"21","author":"Djuth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6841","DOI":"10.1029\/JA089iA08p06841","article-title":"A new method for accurate ionospheric electron density measurements by incoherent scatter radar","volume":"89","author":"Hagfors","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA01p00119","article-title":"Electron temperature derived from incoherent scatter radar observations of the plasma line frequency","volume":"86","author":"Hagfors","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6795","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA08p06795","article-title":"Electron temperature measurements by the plasma line technique at the French Incoherent Scatter Radar Facilities","volume":"86","author":"Kofman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L18107","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027222","article-title":"High-resolution electron temperature measurements using the plasma line asymmetry","volume":"33","author":"Nicolls","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1029\/JA093iA06p05787","article-title":"Derivation of ion composition from a combined ion line\/plasma line incoherent scatter experiment","volume":"93","author":"Kirkwood","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(90)90117-6","article-title":"High latitude quiet summer ion composition profiles derived from a combined ion line\/plasma line incoherent scatter experiment","volume":"52","author":"Fredriksen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1029\/JA094iA04p03799","article-title":"Derivation of ion-neutral collision frequencies from a Combined Ion Line\/Plasma Line Incoherent Scatter Experiment","volume":"94","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JA030563","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JA030563","article-title":"Initial Ionospheric Ion Line Results and Evaluation by Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar (SYISR)","volume":"127","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00585-996-1473-9","article-title":"Alternating-code experiment for plasma-line studies","volume":"14","author":"Guio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"417","article-title":"Aperture synthesis with a non-regular distribution of interferometer baselines","volume":"500","year":"1974","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073141","article-title":"Radar observations of thermal plasma oscillations in the ionosphere","volume":"44","author":"Vierinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A43","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2021-0607.1","article-title":"Wavefield separation using irreversible-migration filtering","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"5914213","article-title":"Separating Scholte Wave and Body Wave in OBN Data Using Wave-Equation Migration","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004RS003106","article-title":"Variations of electron density based on long-term incoherent scatter radar and ionosonde measurements over Millstone Hill","volume":"40","author":"Lei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1029\/JA073i001p00097","article-title":"Radar Thomson scatter studies of photoelectrons in the ionosphere and Landau damping","volume":"73","author":"Yngvesson","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-017-0355-7","article-title":"Incoherent Scatter Plasma Lines: Observations and Applications","volume":"212","author":"Akbari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, X., Liu, F., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Cai, Y., Ding, F., Ning, B., Li, M., Zhang, N., and Wang, Z. (2023). On the Ion Line Calibration by Plasma Line in ISR Measurements. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061553"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2634\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T13:01:36Z","timestamp":1684414896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15102634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15102634","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]}}}