{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T22:30:36Z","timestamp":1724452236351},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["818346"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Innovation Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["774652"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Land degradation (LD) processes are widespread in drylands worldwide and are accelerated by climate change. As a result, food security and livelihoods are at risk. Thus, there is a need to monitor LD trends, especially in agricultural areas. Mediterranean countries, including Tunisia and Greece, are concerned due to the presence of drivers and pressures causing land degradation. Through the Trends.Earth plugin, the SDG 15.3.1 indicator can be implemented to map LD status. In this study, we mapped LD in Greece and Tunisia for the recommended baseline period of 2001\u20132015 and the selected reporting period of 2016\u20132020. The land productivity was assessed within Trends.Earth using the MODIS MOD13Q1 product, while the default datasets were used for the other sub-indicators. The main findings are: (i) the percentage of degraded land decreased from the baseline to the reporting period from 4.83% to 2.62% of total area in Greece and 9.97% to 6.26% in Tunisia\u2014degradation rates that differ from those reported to the UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification) by the respective national authorities; (ii) the dominant land condition in Greece was improved, while in Tunisia, it was stable; (iii) land productivity presented a similar trend through the SDG 15.3.1 indicator over both countries, including the net land productivity dynamics over croplands; (iv) based on analysis using plant functional types performed with MODIS MCD12Q1, the highest portion of degraded land in Greece was located in grasslands and in Tunisia in cereal croplands (after desert areas); and (v) with a focus on LD over cereal croplands, the portion of degraded areas appeared to decrease in both Greece and Tunisia. The percentage was higher in Tunisia, representing 16.52% of the total degraded land during the reporting period compared to 10.83% in Greece. All the above stress the need to foster the adoption of sustainable land management practices, especially in Tunisia, and speed up the implementation of measures to achieve LD neutrality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T06:18:27Z","timestamp":1679897907000},"page":"1766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Monitoring of Land Degradation in Greece and Tunisia Using Trends.Earth with a Focus on Cereal Croplands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7160-511X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Cherif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Remote Sensing, Spectroscopy and GIS, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4610-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Kolintziki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Remote Sensing, Spectroscopy and GIS, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1893-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas K.","family":"Alexandridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Remote Sensing, Spectroscopy and GIS, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"LDN (2023, January 05). Land Degradation Neutrality. UNCCD Topic for Land & Life. Available online: https:\/\/www.unccd.int\/land-and-life\/land-degradation-neutrality\/overview."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkonya, E., Mirzabaev, A., and von Braun, J. (2016). Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement\u2014A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19168-3"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bridges, E.M., Hannam, I.D., Oldeman, L.R., Pening de Vries, F.W.T., Scherr, S.J., and Som-patpanit, S. (2001). Responses to Land Degradation, Oxford Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110697","article-title":"Arable lands under the pressure of multiple land degradation processes. A global perspective","volume":"194","author":"Patriche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdruli, P., Pagliai, M., Kapur, S., and Faz Cano, A. (2010). Land Degradation and Desertification: Assessment, Mitigation and Remediation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8657-0"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kussul, N., Shumilo, L., and Garanis, L. (2021, January 11\u201316). Relationships between Land Degradation and Climate Change Vulnerability of Agricultural Water Resources. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9553489"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"UNCCD (2022). Addressing Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought: From Commitments to Implementation, Global Mechanism of the UNCCD."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.05.014","article-title":"Is Land Degradation Neutrality feasible in dry areas?","volume":"112","author":"Grainger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"TE-CI (2023, January 05). Trends. Earth User Guide. Conservation International. Revision c60e57bd. Available online: https:\/\/docs.trends.earth\/en\/latest\/for_users\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"102068","article-title":"Knowledge generation using satellite earth observations to support sustainable development goals (SDG): A use case on Land degradation","volume":"88","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.04.042","article-title":"Model-based spatio-temporal analysis of land desertification risk in Greece","volume":"167","author":"Karamesouti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.04.010","article-title":"Land-use and land degradation processes affecting soil resources: Evidence from a traditional Mediterranean cropland (Greece)","volume":"132","author":"Karamesouti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2418","article-title":"Rain Use Efficiency, Primary Production and Rainfall Relationships in Desert Rangelands of Tunisia","volume":"27","author":"Gamoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"67","article-title":"Land degradation assessment using landscape unit approach and normalized difference vegetation index in Northwest of Tunisia","volume":"17","author":"Jendoubi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mediterr. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2020.100507","article-title":"Local livelihoods and land users\u2019 perceptions of land degradation in northwest Tunisia","volume":"33","author":"Jendoubi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bai, Z.G., and Dent, D.L. (2008). Land Degradation and Improvement in Tunisia Report. Part 1: Identification by Remote Sensing, ISRIC\u2014World Soil Information. GLADA Report 1f."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bayouli, O.T., Essifi, B., and Ouessar, M. (2021). Proceedings of the Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions, Springer International Publishing. [2nd ed]. Proceedings of 2nd Euro-Mediterranean Conference for Environmental Integration (EMCEI-2), Tunisia 2019."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sims, N.C., Newnham, G.J., England, J.R., Guerschman, J., Cox, S.J.D., Roxburgh, S.H., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Fritz, S., and Wheeler, I. (2021). Good Practice Guidance. SDG Indicator 15.3.1, Proportion of Land That Is Degraded over Total Land Area. Version 2.0, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"61","article-title":"The role of GIS and remote sensing in land degradation assessment and conservation mapping: Some user experiences and expectations","volume":"3","author":"Mantel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2017.1378926","article-title":"The role of Remote Sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"50","author":"Dubovyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2014.11.024","article-title":"Mapping the world\u2019s degraded lands","volume":"57","author":"Gibbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yengoh, G.T., Dent, D., Olsson, L., Tengberg, A.E., and Tucker , C.J. (2015). Use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to Assess Land Degradation at Multiple Scales: Current Status, Future Trends, and Practical Considerations, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24112-8"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105545","article-title":"Trend-cycles of vegetation dynamics as a tool for land degradation assessment and monitoring","volume":"107","author":"Easdale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9552","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109552","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation and Desertification Using Vegetation Index Data: Current Frameworks and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"Higginbottom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2021.2018789","article-title":"A new global land productivity dynamic product based on the consistency of various vegetation biophysical indicators","volume":"6","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.512946","article-title":"Quantitative mapping of global land degradation using earth observations","volume":"32","author":"Schaepman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.022","article-title":"Limits to detectability of land degradation by trend analysis of vegetation index data","volume":"125","author":"Wessels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.12.019","article-title":"Synergizing global tools to monitor progress towards land degradation neutrality: Trends.Earth and the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies sustainable land management database","volume":"93","author":"Zvoleff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111428","article-title":"Challenges for remote sensing of the Sustainable Development Goal SDG 15.3.1 productivity indicator","volume":"234","author":"Prince","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11836","article-title":"Ecosystem resilience despite large-scale altered hydroclimatic conditions","volume":"494","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2020.1711633","article-title":"Monitoring land degradation at national level using satellite Earth Observation time-series data to support SDG15\u2014Exploring the potential of data cube","volume":"4","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Tools4LDN (2023, January 10). Strengthening Land Degradation Neutrality Data and Decision-Making through Free and Open Access Platforms (Tools4LDN). Global Environment Facility (GEF)-Funded Project. Available online: https:\/\/www.tools4ldn.org\/project."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"MISLAND (2023, January 19). Monitoring Integrated System for Land Degradation in North Africa (MISLAND) Platform. GMES&Africa Program. Available online: http:\/\/misland.oss-online.org\/#\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Buchhorn, M., Smets, B., Bertels, L., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N.-E., Masiliunas, D., Linlin, L., Herold, M., and Fritz, S. (2023, March 24). Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100 m: Collection 3: Epoch 2019: Globe (Version V3.0.1). Available online: https:\/\/library.wur.nl\/WebQuery\/wurpubs\/580265."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"CLC (2023, February 28). CORINE land Cover. European Union, Copernicus Land Monitoring Service 2018, European Environment Agency (EEA). Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/pan-european\/corine-land-cover."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"ESA-CCI (2023, February 28). European Sapce Agnecy, Climate Change Intiative, Land Cover. Available online: https:\/\/www.esa-landcover-cci.org\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Friedl, M., and Sulla-Menashe, D. (2023, January 19). MCD12Q1 MODIS\/Terra+Aqua Land Cover Type Yearly L3 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006 Dataset. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/products\/mcd12q1v006\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GB001360","article-title":"Landscapes as patches of plant functional types: An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models","volume":"16","author":"Bonan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-2315-2015","article-title":"Plant functional type classification for earth system models: Results from the European Space Agency\u2019s Land Cover Climate Change Initiative","volume":"8","author":"Poulter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"WOCAT (2023, January 10). World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT). Available online: https:\/\/www.wocat.net."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2019.01.001","article-title":"Achieving land degradation neutrality: The role of SLM knowledge in evidence-based decision-making","volume":"94","author":"Liniger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkonya, E., Mirzabaev, A., and von Braun, J. (2016). Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement\u2014A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19168-3"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2003.tb00583.x","article-title":"Plant functional types: A promising tool for management and restoration of degraded lands","volume":"6","author":"Gondard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Prais (2022, December 08). Prais Platform for the Submission of Country Reports to the UNCCD. Available online: https:\/\/prais.unccd.int."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"EMY (2023, January 05). The Climate of Greece. Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Available online: http:\/\/www.emy.gr\/emy\/en\/climatology\/climatology."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"FAO (2022, December 16). FAOSTAT Country Profiles. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#country\/222."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"SoilGrids (2023, February 28). SoilGrids Dataset by ISRIC\u2014World Soil Information. Version 2. Available online: https:\/\/www.soilgrids.org\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2023, March 17). JRC-LPD. Available online: https:\/\/wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/landproductivity."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orr, B.J., Cowie, A.L., Castillo Sanchez, V.M., Chasek, P., Crossman, N.D., Erlewein, A., Louwagie, G., Maron, M., Metternicht, G.I., and Minelli, S. (2017). Scientific Conceptual Framework for Land Degradation Neutrality. A Report of the Science-Policy Interface, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2017.10.011"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3390\/land4030541","article-title":"Exploring Long-Term Impact of Grazing Management on Land Degradation in the Socio-Ecological System of Asteroussia Mountains, Greece","volume":"4","author":"Kosmas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GB005678","article-title":"Large Differences in Global and Regional Total Soil Carbon Stock Estimates Based on SoilGrids, HWSD, and NCSCD: Intercomparison and Evaluation Based on Field Data From USA, England, Wales, and France","volume":"32","author":"Tifafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2020.617009","article-title":"Food Security and the Dynamics of Wheat and Maize Value Chains in Africa and Asia","volume":"4","author":"Grote","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1766\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T16:12:12Z","timestamp":1688659932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/7\/1766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15071766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15071766","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]}}}