{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T19:28:16Z","timestamp":1707766096657},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974020","41721003"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["2022CFA090"]},{"name":"Special Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory","award":["220100001"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"River discharge monitoring is an important component of the hydrology objectives of Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission (SWOT). River discharge can be estimated Solely using river widths and At Many-stations Hydraulic Geometry (AMHG), but the accuracy is low due to the parameters of At a-station Hydraulic Geometry (AHG) given by AMHG deviate from the truth. In view of this, a Constrained At-Many-Stations Hydraulic Geometry (CAMHG) is proposed to optimize AHG parameters. The performance of CAMHG is verified in three reaches of the Yangtze River using river widths derived from SWOT. After using CAMHG, the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of estimated discharge reduce 100.1% to 24.4%, 1137.1% to 49.9% and 48.6% to 45.5% for Hankou, Shashi and Luoshan respectively. In addition, CAMHG can also weaken the accuracy difference of estimated discharge in dry and wet seasons benefited from its more reliable AHG parameters. Thus, the proposed CAMHG can dramatically improves the accuracy of discharge estimations and it is meaningful for the discharge calculation after SWOT data release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T08:33:31Z","timestamp":1679301211000},"page":"1672","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Accurate Discharge Estimation Based on River Widths of SWOT and Constrained At-Many-Stations Hydraulic Geometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"given":"Taoyong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650224, China"}]},{"given":"Youkun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Kunming Surveying and Mapping Institute, Kunming 650051, China"}]},{"given":"Xuequn","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR018434","article-title":"An Intercomparison of Remote Sensing River Discharge Estimation Algorithms from Measurements of River Height, Width, and Slope","volume":"52","author":"Durand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128845","article-title":"Global hydrological cycles and world water resources","volume":"313","author":"Oki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GB900092","article-title":"Global System of Rivers: Its Role in Organizing Continental Land Mass and Defining Land-to-Ocean Linkages","volume":"14","author":"Fekete","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turnipseed, D.P., and Sauer, V.B. (2010). Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations, Techniques and Methods.","DOI":"10.3133\/tm3A8"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Absi, R. (2021). Reinvestigating the Parabolic-Shaped Eddy Viscosity Profile for Free Surface Flows. Hydrology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology8030126"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7576","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3204544","article-title":"Discharge Estimation with Improved Methods Using MODIS Data in Greenland: An Application in the Watson River","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003","article-title":"Evidence for Intensification of the Global Water Cycle: Review and Synthesis","volume":"319","author":"Huntington","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"RG2002","article-title":"Measuring Surface Water from Space","volume":"45","author":"Alsdorf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.09.008","article-title":"Assimilation of Virtual Wide Swath Altimetry to Improve Arctic River Modeling","volume":"115","author":"Biancamaria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.11.022","article-title":"Estimating Discharge in Rivers Using Remotely Sensed Hydraulic Information","volume":"309","author":"Bjerklie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.04.005","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing Estimation of River Discharge: Application to the Yukon River Alaska","volume":"561","author":"Bjerklie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7811","article-title":"Using Satellite Altimetry Data to Augment Flow Estimation Techniques on the Mekong River","volume":"24","author":"Birkinshaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.10.008","article-title":"Discharge Estimation in High-Mountain Regions with Improved Methods Using Multisource Remote Sensing: A Case Study of the Upper Brahmaputra River","volume":"219","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR027876","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR027876","article-title":"A Framework for Estimating Global-Scale River Discharge by Assimilating Satellite Altimetry","volume":"57","author":"Revel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR003993","article-title":"Prediction of Discharge from Water Surface Width in a Braided River with Implications for At-a-Station Hydraulic Geometry","volume":"42","author":"Ashmore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006133","article-title":"Estimation of River Discharge, Propagation Speed, and Hydraulic Geometry from Space: Lena River, Siberia","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9225","article-title":"Modelling Rating Curves Using Remotely Sensed LiDAR Data","volume":"26","author":"Nathanson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"3035","article-title":"Using Width-Based Rating Curves from Spatially Discontinuous Satellite Imagery to Monitor River Discharge","volume":"28","author":"Pavelsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L10403","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029721","article-title":"Prospects for River Discharge and Depth Estimation through Assimilation of Swath-Altimetry into a Raster-Based Hydrodynamics Model","volume":"34","author":"Andreadis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2009.2033453","article-title":"Estimating River Depth From Remote Sensing Swath Interferometry Measurements of River Height, Slope, and Width","volume":"3","author":"Durand","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.12.050","article-title":"Estimating Reach-Averaged Discharge for the River Severn from Measurements of River Water Surface Elevation and Slope","volume":"511","author":"Durand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/fld.4273","article-title":"Discharge Estimation under Uncertainty Using Variational Methods with Application to the Full Saint-Venant Hydraulic Network Model","volume":"83","author":"Gejadze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2018.06.004","article-title":"On the Assimilation of Altimetric Data in 1D Saint\u2013Venant River Flow Models","volume":"119","author":"Brisset","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.04.046","article-title":"Characterizing Water Surface Elevation under Different Flow Conditions for the Upcoming SWOT Mission","volume":"561","author":"Domeneghetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2357893","article-title":"Waveform Retracking for Improving Level Estimations From TOPEX\/Poseidon, Jason-1, and Jason-2 Altimetry Observations Over African Lakes","volume":"53","author":"Uebbing","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317606111","article-title":"Toward Global Mapping of River Discharge Using Satellite Images and At-Many-Stations Hydraulic Geometry","volume":"111","author":"Gleason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9604","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR016109","article-title":"Retrieval of River Discharge Solely from Satellite Imagery and At-Many-Stations Hydraulic Geometry: Sensitivity to River Form and Optimization Parameters","volume":"50","author":"Gleason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7107","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064935","article-title":"Theoretical Basis for At-many-stations Hydraulic Geometry","volume":"42","author":"Gleason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/geoj.12155","article-title":"Crossing the (Watershed) Divide: Satellite Data and the Changing Politics of International River Basins: Crossing the (Watershed) Divide","volume":"183","author":"Gleason","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.07.020","article-title":"Field Verification of Analytical At-a-Station Hydraulic-Geometry Relations","volume":"564","author":"Dingman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengen, D., Ottinger, M., Leinenkugel, P., and Ribbe, L. (2020). Modeling River Discharge Using Automated River Width Measurements Derived from Sentinel-1 Time Series. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193236"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2009.2034614","article-title":"Preliminary Characterization of SWOT Hydrology Error Budget and Global Capabilities","volume":"3","author":"Biancamaria","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-015-9346-y","article-title":"The SWOT Mission and Its Capabilities for Land Hydrology","volume":"37","author":"Biancamaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.08.044","article-title":"Assessing the Potential Global Extent of SWOT River Discharge Observations","volume":"519","author":"Pavelsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR015618","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Interpolation of Discharge across a River Network by Using Synthetic SWOT Satellite Data","volume":"51","author":"Paiva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017296","article-title":"Benchmarking Wide Swath Altimetry-Based River Discharge Estimation Algorithms for the Ganges River System","volume":"52","author":"Bonnema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9637","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL084529","article-title":"Reconciling At-a-Station and At-Many-Stations Hydraulic Geometry Through River-Wide Geomorphology","volume":"46","author":"Brinkerhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.11.038","article-title":"Verifying the Prevalence, Properties, and Congruent Hydraulics of at-Many-Stations Hydraulic Geometry (AMHG) for Rivers in the Continental United States","volume":"556","author":"Barber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9692","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR021626","article-title":"BAM: Bayesian AMHG-Manning Inference of Discharge Using Remotely Sensed Stream Width, Slope, and Height","volume":"53","author":"Hagemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Helsel, D.R., and Hirsch, R.M. (1992). Statistical Methods in Water Resources, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.. Book 4, Chapter A3."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1983.10478017","article-title":"Smearing Estimate: A Nonparametric Retransformation Method","volume":"78","author":"Duan","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Fernandez, D.E. (2022, November 02). Swot Project Mission Performance and Error Budget, Available online: https:\/\/swot.jpl.nasa.gov\/system\/documents\/files\/2178_2178_SWOT_D-79084_v10Y_FINAL_REVA__06082017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR027464","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR027464","article-title":"Generating Proxy SWOT Water Surface Elevations Using WRF-Hydro and the CNES SWOT Hydrology Simulator","volume":"56","author":"Elmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leopold, L.B., and Maddock, T. (1953). The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels and Some Physiographic Implications.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp252"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1029\/96WR00752","article-title":"Esti.imation of Discharge From Three Braided Rivers Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite Imagery: Potential Application to Ungaged Basins","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T10:54:24Z","timestamp":1679309664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/6\/1672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15061672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15061672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]}}}