{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T05:15:38Z","timestamp":1737436538433,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R & D Projects of Shandong Province","award":["2019JMRH0109","2020JMRH0201"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U2006207"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"A surface-based duct (SBD) is an abnormal atmospheric structure with a low probability of occurrence buta strong ability to trap electromagnetic waves. However, the existing research is based on the assumption that the range direction of the surface duct is homogeneous, which will lead to low productivity and large errors when applied in a real-marine environment. To alleviate these issues, we propose a framework for the inversion of inhomogeneous SBD M-profile based on a full-coupled convolutional Transformer (FCCT) deep learning network. We first designed a one-dimensional residual dilated causal convolution autoencoder to extract the feature representations from a high-dimension range direction inhomogeneous M-profile. Second, to improve efficiency and precision, we proposed a full-coupled convolutional Transformer (FCCT) that incorporated dilated causal convolutional layers to gain exponentially receptive field growth of the M-profile and help Transformer-like models improve the receptive field of each range direction inhomogeneous SBD M-profile information. We tested our proposed method performance on two sets of simulated sea clutter power data where the inversion of the simulated data reached 96.99% and 97.69%, which outperformed the existing baseline methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T08:18:32Z","timestamp":1662625112000},"page":"4385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Full-Coupled Convolutional Transformer for Surface-Based Duct Refractivity Inversion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}]},{"given":"Dongning","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China"}]},{"given":"Yunchao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhang, J. 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