{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T16:15:01Z","timestamp":1740154501866,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["638822"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000126239\/19\/I-NB"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"The AVHRR aerosol optical depth (AOD) is inverted from measured reflectances in the red band using a statistical correlation of surface reflectance with mid-infrared channel reflectances and a modelling climatology of the aerosol type. For such a sensor not specifically designed for AOD retrieval, propagating uncertainties is crucial because the sensitivity of the retrieved AOD to the measured signal varies largely with retrieval conditions (AOD itself, surface brightness, aerosol optical properties\/aerosol type, observing geometry). In order to quantify the different contributions to the AOD uncertainties, we have undertaken a thorough analysis of the retrieval operator and its sensitivities to the used input and auxiliary variables. Uncertainties are then propagated from measured reflectances to geophysical retrieved AOD datasets at the super-pixel level and further to gridded daily and monthly products. The propagation uses uncertainty correlations of separate uncertainty contributions from the FIDUCEO easyFCDR level1b products (common fully correlated, independent random, and structured parts) and estimated uncertainty correlation structures of other major effects in the retrieval (surface brightness, aerosol type ensemble, cloud mask). The pixel-level uncertainties are statistically validated against true error estimates versus AERONET ground-based AOD measurements. It is shown that a 10-year time record over Europe compares well to a merged multi-satellite record and that pixel-level uncertainties provide a meaningful representation of error distributions. The study demonstrates the benefits of new recipes for uncertainty characterization from the Horizon-2020 project FIDUCEO (\u201cFidelity and uncertainty in climate data records from Earth Observations\u201d) and extends them further with recent additions developed within the ESA Climate Change Initiative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T01:34:45Z","timestamp":1644802485000},"page":"875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Systematic Propagation of AVHRR AOD Uncertainties\u2014A Case Study to Demonstrate the FIDUCEO Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Popp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR), Deutsche Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum (DFD), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mittaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK"},{"name":"National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00254.1","article-title":"The ESA Climate Change Initiative: Satellite data records for essential climate variables","volume":"94","author":"Hollmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-511-2017","article-title":"Uncertainty information in climate data records from Earth observation","volume":"9","author":"Merchant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1948","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0127.1","article-title":"Consistency of satellite climate data records for Earth system monitoring","volume":"101","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (2019, July 30). Evaluation of Measurement Data. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (JCGM 100:2008). Available online: https:\/\/www.bipm.org\/utils\/common\/documents\/jcgm\/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032002","DOI":"10.1088\/1681-7575\/ab1705","article-title":"Applying principles of metrology to historical Earth observations from satellites","volume":"56","author":"Mittaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1919-2013","article-title":"Aerosol retrieval experiments in the ESA Aerosol_cci project","volume":"6","author":"Martynenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popp, T., de Leeuw, G., Bingen, C., Br\u00fchl, C., Capelle, V., Chedin, A., Clarisse, L., Dubovik, O., Grainger, R., and Heckel, A. (2016). Development, Production and Evaluation of Aerosol Climate Data Records from European Satellite Observations (Aerosol_cci). 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Data Anal., Available online: https:\/\/catalogue.ceda.ac.uk\/uuid\/1326447659e34bc3ba8042041ca0546b."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-2031-2020","article-title":"Merging regional and global aerosol optical depth records from major available satellite products","volume":"20","author":"Larisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/4\/875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T01:04:08Z","timestamp":1721955848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/4\/875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14040875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14040875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]}}}