{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T14:30:54Z","timestamp":1724769054747},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WPC1\/ARTEMIS\/2019"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/27\/B\/ ST10\/02190"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DIR\/WK\/2016\/2017\/05-1","59\/E-383\/SPUB\/SP\/2019.1"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"At equatorial and high latitudes, the intense ionospheric irregularities and plasma density gradients can seriously affect the performances of radio communication and satellite-based navigation systems; that represents a challenging topic for the scientific and engineering communities and operational use of communication and navigation services. The GNSS-based ROTI (rate of TEC index) is one of the most widely used indices to monitor the occurrence and intensity of ionospheric irregularities. In this paper, we examined the long-term performance of the ROTI in terms of finding the climatological characteristics of TEC fluctuations. We considered the different scale temporal signatures and checked the general sensitivity to the solar and geomagnetic activity. We retrieved and analyzed long-term time-series of ROTI values for two chains of GNSS stations located in European and North-American regions. This analysis covers three full years of the 24th solar cycle, which represent different levels of solar activity and include periods of intense geomagnetic storms. The ionospheric irregularities\u2019 geographical distribution, as derived from ROTI, shows a reasonable consistency to be found within the poleward\/equatorward boundaries of the auroral oval specified by empirical models. During magnetic midnight and quiet-time conditions, the equatorward boundary of the ROTI-derived ionospheric irregularity zone was observed at 65\u201370\u00b0 of north magnetic latitude, while for local noon conditions this boundary was more poleward at 75\u201385 magnetic latitude. The ionospheric irregularities of low-to-moderate intensity were found to occur within the auroral oval at all levels of geomagnetic activity and seasons. At moderate and high levels of solar activity, the intensities of ionospheric irregularities are larger during local winter conditions than for the local summer and polar day conditions. We found that ROTI displays a selective latitudinal sensitivity to the auroral electrojet activity\u2014the strongest dependence (correlation R > 0.6\u20130.8) was observed within a narrow latitudinal range of 55\u201370\u00b0N magnetic latitude, which corresponded to a band of the largest ROTI values within the auroral oval zone expanded equatorward during geomagnetic disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T17:00:18Z","timestamp":1597424418000},"page":"2634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Climatology Characteristics of Ionospheric Irregularities Described with GNSS ROTI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-0600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Kotulak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7878-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Zakharenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Krankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0288-7675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iurii","family":"Cherniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"given":"Ningbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7982-0153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Fron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL02273","article-title":"Ho CM Monitoring of global ionospheric irregularities using the worldwide GPS network","volume":"24","author":"Pi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. 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