{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T18:15:08Z","timestamp":1724350508418},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011051","name":"Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u041c\u041a-3265.2019.5"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-05-00889"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Small-scale ionospheric irregularities affect navigation and radio telecommunications. We studied small-scale irregularities observed during the 22 June 2015 geomagnetic storm and used experimental facilities at the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISTP SB RAS) located near Irkutsk, Russia (~52\u00b0N, 104\u00b0E). The facilities used were the DPS-4 ionosonde (spread-F width), receivers of the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar (Cygnus A signal amplitude scintillations), and GPS\/GLONASS receivers (amplitude and phase scintillations), while 150 MHz Cygnus A signal recording provides a unique data set on ionosphere small-scale structure. We observed increased spread-F, Cygnus A signal amplitude scintillations, and GPS phase scintillations near 20 UT on 22 June 2015 at mid-latitudes. GPS\/GLONASS amplitude scintillations were at a quiet time level. By using global total electron content (TEC) maps, we conclude that small-scale irregularities are most likely caused by the auroral oval expansion. In the small-scale irregularity region, we recorded an increase in the precise point positioning (PPP) error. Even at mid-latitudes, the mean PPP error is at least five times that of the quiet level and reaches 0.5 m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T14:53:59Z","timestamp":1589554439000},"page":"1579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Small-Scale Ionospheric Irregularities of Auroral Origin at Mid-latitudes during the 22 June 2015 Magnetic Storm and Their Effect on GPS Positioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3098-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Yasyukevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8758-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Vasilyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Ratovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Setov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Globa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Semen","family":"Syrovatskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"},{"name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8456-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Yasyukevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kiselev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Vesnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1982.12313","article-title":"Radio wave scintillations in the ionosphere","volume":"70","author":"Yeh","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. 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