{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T03:08:40Z","timestamp":1724728120262},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["41730109"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Typhoons can be serious natural disasters for the sustainability and development of society. The development of a typhoon usually involves a pre-existing weather disturbance, warm tropical oceans, and a large amount of moisture. This implies that a large variation in the atmospheric water vapor over the path of a typhoon can be used to study the characteristics of the typhoon. This is the reason that the variation in precipitable water vapor (PWV) is often used to capture the signature of a typhoon in meteorology. This study investigates the usability of real-time PWV retrieved from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for typhoons\u2019 characterizations, and especially, the following aspects were investigated: (1) The correlation between PWV and atmospheric parameters including pressure, temperature, precipitation, and wind speed; (2) water vapor transportation during a typhoon period; and (3) the correlation between the movement of a typhoon and the transportation of water vapor. The case study selected for this research was Super Typhoon Mangkhut that occurred in mid-September 2018 in Hong Kong. The PWV time series were obtained from a conversion of GNSS-derived zenith total delays (ZTDs) using observations at 10 stations selected from the Hong Kong GNSS continuously operating reference stations (CORS) network, which are also located along the path of the typhoon. The Bernese GNSS Software (ver. 5.2) was used to obtain the ZTDs; and the root mean square (RMS) of the differences between the GNSS-ZTDs and International GNSS Service post-processed ZTDs time series was less than 8 mm. The RMS of the differences between the GNSS-PWVs (i.e., the ZTDs converted PWVs) and radiosonde-derived PWVs (RS-PWVs) time series was less than 2 mm. The changes in PWV reflect the variation in wind speed during the typhoon period to a certain degree, and their correlation coefficient was 0.76, meaning a significant positive correlation. In addition, a new approach was proposed to estimate the direction and speed of a typhoon\u2019s movement using the time difference of PWV arrival at different sites. The direction and speed estimated agreed well with the ones published by the China Meteorological Administration. These results suggest that GNSS-derived PWV has a great potential for the monitoring and even prediction of typhoon events, especially for near real-time warnings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T16:42:47Z","timestamp":1577464967000},"page":"104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Real-Time GNSS-Derived PWV for Typhoon Characterizations: A Case Study for Super Typhoon Mangkhut in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8262-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qimin","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9376-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kefei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Satellite Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate and Environment (SPACE) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia"}]},{"given":"Suqin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Satellite Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate and Environment (SPACE) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6715-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingzhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1720-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Longjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Moufeng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-2085-z","article-title":"Estimation of property loss and business interruption loss caused by storm surge inundation due to climate change: A case of Typhoon Vera revisit","volume":"84","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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