{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:34:01Z","timestamp":1736228041454,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Spain","award":["TEC2014-55290-JIN","FPU15\/06341","EST17\/0777"]},{"name":"Government of Principado de Asturias","award":["GRUPIN-18-000191"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"This work proposes a novel Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system to detect landmines and Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). The system, which was numerically evaluated, is composed of a transmitter placed on a vehicle and looking forward and a receiver mounted on a drone and looking downwards. This combination offers both a good penetration and a high resolution, enabling the detection of non-metallic targets and mitigating the clutter at the air\u2013soil interface. First, a fast ray tracing simulator was developed to find proper configurations of the system. Then, these configurations were validated using a full wave simulator, considering a flat and a rough surface. All simulations were post-processed using a fast and accurate Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) algorithm that takes into account the constitutive parameters of the soil. The SAR images for all configurations were compared, concluding that the proposed contribution greatly improves the target detection and the surface clutter reduction over conventional forward-looking GPR systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T12:17:54Z","timestamp":1570018674000},"page":"2299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Bistatic Landmine and IED Detection Combining Vehicle and Drone Mounted GPR Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8935-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Garcia-Fernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Signal Theory and Communications, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Morgenthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-4515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Alvarez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Signal Theory and Communications, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7959-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Las Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Signal Theory and Communications, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carey","family":"Rappaport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jol, H.M. (2008). Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Applications, Elsevier Science."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Daniels, D. (2008, January 30\u201331). A Review of Landmine Detection Using GPR. Proceedings of the European Radar Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026352615393","article-title":"Suppressing GPR clutter from randomly rough ground surfaces to enhance nonmetallic mine detection","volume":"4","author":"Rappaport","year":"2003","journal-title":"Subsurf. Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Adaptive Detection of Low-Signature Targets in Forward-Looking GPR Imagery","volume":"15","author":"Comite","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen, E.M., and Ayers, E. (2005, January 10). Assessment of Down-Looking GPR Sensors for Landmine Detection. 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Model."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuse, Y., Gonzalez-Valdes, B., Martinez-Lorenzo, J.A., and Rappaport, C.M. (2016, January 10\u201315). Advanced SAR Imaging Methods for Forward-Looking Ground Penetrating Radar. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Davos, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2016.7481192"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Morgenthaler, A., and Rappaport, C.M. Simple and accurate formulas for determining the refraction point and total path length from above ground to below ground points. in preparation."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/19\/2299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T01:25:59Z","timestamp":1736213159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/19\/2299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11192299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11192299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]]}}}