{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:35:18Z","timestamp":1723070118198},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013280","name":"Joint Programming Initiative on Cultural Heritage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPI HERITAGE PLUS\/0314\/07"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Active satellite remote sensors have emerged in the last years in the field of archaeology, providing new tools for monitoring extensive cultural heritage landscapes and areas. These active sensors, namely synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, provide systematic datasets for mapping land movements triggered from earthquakes, landslides, and so on. Copernicus, the European program for monitoring the environment, provides continuous radar datasets through the Sentinel-1 mission with an almost worldwide coverage. This paper aims to demonstrate how the use of open-access and freely distributed datasets such as those under the Copernicus umbrella, along with the exploitation of open-source radar processing software, namely the sentinel applications platform (SNAP) and SNAPHU tools, provided respectively by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the University of Stanford, can be used to extract an SAR interferogram in the wider area of Paphos, located in the western part of Cyprus. The city includes various heritage sites and monuments, some of them already included in the UNESCO World Heritage list. The interferogram was prepared to study the effects of an earthquake to the buildings and sites of the area. The earthquake of a 5.6 magnitude on the Richter scale was triggered on 15 April 2015 and was strongly felt throughout the whole island. The interferogram results were based on Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR) methodology, finding a maximum uplift of 74 mm and a maximum subsidence of 31 mm. The overall process and methodology are presented in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T15:55:22Z","timestamp":1564156522000},"page":"1766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Use of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images and Open-Source Software for Cultural Heritage: An Example from Paphos Area in Cyprus for Mapping Landscape Changes after a 5.6 Magnitude Earthquake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Tzouvaras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eratosthenes Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, School of Engineering and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Kouhartsiouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOFEM Ltd., 1080 Nicosia, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-6766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athos","family":"Agapiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eratosthenes Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, School of Engineering and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0248-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Danezis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eratosthenes Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, School of Engineering and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus"}]},{"given":"Diofantos G.","family":"Hadjimitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eratosthenes Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, School of Engineering and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Remote sensing archaeology: Tracking and mapping evolution in European scientific literature from 1999 to 2015","volume":"4","author":"Agapiou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"716","article-title":"Trends and perspectives of space-borne SAR remote sensing for archaeological landscape and cultural heritage applications","volume":"14","author":"Tapete","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2015.05.003","article-title":"An overview of satellite synthetic aperture radar remote sensing in archaeology: From site detection to monitoring","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2019, June 26). Sentinel Data Access Overview\u2014Sentinel Online. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/sentinel-data-access."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.07.001","article-title":"Ground subsidence monitoring with SAR interferometry techniques in the rural area of Al Wagan, UAE","volume":"216","author":"Liosis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"9","article-title":"Polarimetric differential SAR interferometry in an arid natural environment","volume":"59","author":"Mullissa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.09.001","article-title":"Surface displacement estimation using space-borne SAR interferometry in a small portion along Himalayan Frontal Fault","volume":"53","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2018.02.001","article-title":"Evaluating landfast sea ice stress and fracture in support of operations on sea ice using SAR interferometry","volume":"149","author":"Dammann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.244","article-title":"Land subsidence in the Friuli Venezia Giulia coastal plain, Italy: 1992\u20132010 results from SAR-based interferometry","volume":"633","author":"Tosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.08.014","article-title":"Satellite SAR interferometry for the improved assessment of the state of activity of landslides: A case study from the Cordilleras of Peru","volume":"217","author":"Strozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.12.006","article-title":"Landslide monitoring for risk mitigation by using corner reflector and satellite SAR interferometry: The large landslide of Carlantino (Italy)","volume":"151","author":"Bovenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.10.002","article-title":"Landslide detection integrated system (LaDIS) based on in-situ and satellite SAR interferometry measurements","volume":"137","author":"Tessitore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2010.07.009","article-title":"Extracting damages caused by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from SAR remote sensing data","volume":"40","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02899830","article-title":"Earthquake monitoring in Australia using satellite radar interferometry","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8695(02)00047-6","article-title":"SAR interferometry for detecting the effects of earthquakes on buildings","volume":"35","author":"Pieraccini","year":"2002","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.03.009","article-title":"Monitoring volcano slope instability with Synthetic Aperture Radar: A review and new data from Pacaya (Guatemala) and Stromboli (Italy) volcanoes","volume":"192","author":"Schaefer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.05.009","article-title":"Integrating SAR and derived products into operational volcano monitoring and decision support systems","volume":"100","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.013","article-title":"Insight into ground deformations at Lascar volcano (Chile) from SAR interferometry, photogrammetry and GPS data: Implications on volcano dynamics and future space monitoring","volume":"100","author":"Pavez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00872","article-title":"A satellite geodetic survey of large scale deformation of volcanic centers in the central Andes","volume":"418","author":"Pritchard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-9734-7","article-title":"Using differential SAR interferometry to map land subsidence: A case study in the Pingtung Plain of SW Taiwan","volume":"58","author":"Hsieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bitelli, G., Bonsignore, F., Carbognin, L., Ferretti, A., Strozzi, T., Teatini, P., Tosi, L., and Vittuari, L. (2010, January 17\u201322). Radar interferometry-based mapping of the present land subsidence along the low-lying northern Adriatic coast of Italy. Proceedings of the EISOLS, Queretaro, Mexico. IAHS Publ. 339."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2009.02.003","article-title":"Validation and intercomparison of Persistent Scatterers Interferometry: PSIC4 project results","volume":"68","author":"Raucoules","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.3390\/su7021712","article-title":"Differential Radar Interferometry for Structural and Ground Deformation Monitoring: A New Tool for the Conservation and Sustainability of Cultural Heritage Sites","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.02.002","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing in archaeology: Past, present and future perspectives","volume":"38","author":"Lasaponara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"24","article-title":"InSAR data for geohazard assessment in UNESCO World Heritage sites: State-of-the-art and perspectives in the Copernicus era","volume":"63","author":"Tapete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"211","article-title":"Multi-frequency, polarimetric SAR analysis for archaeological prospection","volume":"28","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.07.024","article-title":"Integrating radar and laser-based remote sensing techniques for monitoring structural deformation of archaeological monuments","volume":"40","author":"Tapete","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-2132\/9\/4\/S10","article-title":"Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring and early-stage warning of structural instability in archaeological sites","volume":"9","author":"Tapete","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuca, B., Tzouvaras, M., Agapiou, A., Lysandrou, V., Themistocleous, K., Nisantzi, A., and Hadjimitsis, D.G. (2016, January 4\u20138). Earth observation technologies in service to the cultural landscape of Cyprus: Risk identification and assessment. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2016), Paphos, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2241669"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2019, June 26). Department of Antiquities\u2014Homepage, Republic of Cyprus, Available online: http:\/\/www.mcw.gov.cy\/mcw\/da\/da.nsf\/DMLindex_en\/DMLindex_en."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2019, July 17). Department of Antiquities\u2014Archaeological Sites, Available online: http:\/\/www.mcw.gov.cy\/mcw\/DA\/DA.nsf\/All\/59FFC9310818070EC225719B003A2EB8?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2019, July 17). Department of Antiquities\u2014Archaeological Sites, Available online: http:\/\/www.mcw.gov.cy\/mcw\/DA\/DA.nsf\/All\/238DE8D409BF6077C225719B0039F785?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2019, June 25). Geological Survey Department, Available online: http:\/\/www.moa.gov.cy\/moa\/gsd\/gsd.nsf\/dmlindex_gr\/dmlindex_gr?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2019, July 17). SNAP. Available online: https:\/\/step.esa.int\/main\/toolboxes\/snap\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2019, July 17). SNAPHU. Available online: https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/radar\/softwareandlinks\/sw\/snaphu\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2019, June 28). Copernicus Open Access Hub. Available online: https:\/\/scihub.copernicus.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ferretti, A., Monti-Guarnieri, A., Prati, C., Rocca, F., and Massonnet, D. (2007). InSAR Principles: Guidelines for SAR Interferometry Processing and Interpretation, ESA Publications. ESA Publications TM-19."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.71.2.197","article-title":"A least squares adjustment of multi-temporal InSAR data: Application to the ground deformation of Paris","volume":"71","author":"Raucoules","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-018-3564-9","article-title":"How to avoid false interpretations of Sentinel-1A TOPSAR interferometric data in landslide mapping? A case study: Recent landslides in Transdanubia, Hungary","volume":"96","author":"Bugya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"H\u00f6ser, T. (2018). Analysing the Capabilities and Limitations of InSAR using Sentinel-1 Data for Landslide Detection and Monitoring. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Bonn]."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Veci, L. (2015). Sentinel-1 Toolbox\u2014TOPS Interferometry Tutorial, ESA Publications."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2497902","article-title":"Interferometric Processing of Sentinel-1 TOPS Data","volume":"54","author":"Martinez","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"433","article-title":"Image coregistration in SAR interferometry","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Danezis, C., Chatzinikos, M., and Kotsakis, C. (2019, January 15\u201317). Linear and nonlinear deformation effects in the permanent GNSS network of Cyprus. Proceedings of the 4th Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring (JISDM), Athens, Greece."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/15\/1766\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T11:09:42Z","timestamp":1718795382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/15\/1766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11151766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11151766","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]}}}