{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T11:12:45Z","timestamp":1724843565789},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]],"date-time":"2019-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000119910\/17\/I-NB"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"In recent years, there has been a large focus on the Arctic due to the rapid changes of the region. Arctic sea level determination is challenging due to the seasonal to permanent sea-ice cover, lack of regional coverage of satellites, satellite instruments ability to measure ice, insufficient geophysical models, residual orbit errors, challenging retracking of satellite altimeter data. We present the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Technical University of Denmark (DTU)\/Technischen Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (TUM) sea level anomaly (SLA) record based on radar satellite altimetry data in the Arctic Ocean from the European Remote Sensing satellite number 1 (ERS-1) (1991) to CryoSat-2 (2018). We use updated geophysical corrections and a combination of altimeter data: Reprocessing of Altimeter Product for ERS (REAPER) (ERS-1), ALES+ retracker (ERS-2, Envisat), combination of Radar Altimetry Database System (RADS) and DTUs in-house retracker LARS (CryoSat-2). Furthermore, this study focuses on the transition between conventional and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) altimeter data to make a smooth time series regarding the measurement method. We find a sea level rise of 1.54 mm\/year from September 1991 to September 2018 with a 95% confidence interval from 1.16 to 1.81 mm\/year. ERS-1 data is troublesome and when ignoring this satellite the SLA trend becomes 2.22 mm\/year with a 95% confidence interval within 1.67\u20132.54 mm\/year. Evaluating the SLA trends in 5 year intervals show a clear steepening of the SLA trend around 2004. The sea level anomaly record is validated against tide gauges and show good results. Additionally, the time series is split and evaluated in space and time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T08:55:27Z","timestamp":1563180927000},"page":"1672","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Arctic Ocean Sea Level Record from the Complete Radar Altimetry Era: 1991\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stine","family":"Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark\u2014National Space Institute (DTU Space), 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark\u2014National Space Institute (DTU Space), 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3372-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Passaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Geod\u00e4tisches Forschungsinstitut der Technischen Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (DGFI-TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5043-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Ludwigsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark\u2014National Space Institute (DTU Space), 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4741-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Schwatke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Geod\u00e4tisches Forschungsinstitut der Technischen Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (DGFI-TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140159","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0159","article-title":"Arctic sea ice trends, variability and implications for seasonal ice forecasting","volume":"373","author":"Serreze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Church, J., Clark, P., Cazenave, A., Gregory, J., Jevrejeva, S., Levermann, A., Merrifield, M., Milne, G., Nerem, R., and Nunn, P. (2013). Sea level change. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, PM Cambridge University Press. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/330127a0","article-title":"Thermal expansion of sea water associated with global warming","volume":"330","author":"Wigley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7619","article-title":"How fast are the oceans warming?","volume":"363","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo567","article-title":"Land waters and sea level","volume":"2","author":"Lettenmaier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL046583","article-title":"Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise","volume":"38","author":"Rignot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219985","article-title":"21st-century evolution of Greenland outlet glacier velocities","volume":"336","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10525","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10525","article-title":"Recent increases in Arctic freshwater flux affects Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning circulation","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricker, R., Hendricks, S., and Beckers, J.F. (2016). The impact of geophysical corrections on sea-ice freeboard retrieved from satellite altimetry. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040317"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carsey, F.D. (1992). Sea ice altimetry. Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, American Geophysical Union. DTIC Document.","DOI":"10.1029\/GM068"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.10.015","article-title":"Comparison of Envisat radar and airborne laser altimeter measurements over Arctic sea ice","volume":"113","author":"Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4707","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC03p04707","article-title":"A review of satellite altimeter measurement of sea surface wind speed: With a proposed new algorithm","volume":"90","author":"Chelton","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2242082","article-title":"Using the Interferometric Capabilities of the ESA CryoSat-2 Mission to Improve the Accuracy of Sea Ice Freeboard Retrievals","volume":"52","author":"Armitage","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000450","article-title":"Reviews of Geophysics Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models","volume":"52","author":"Stammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8113","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC03179","article-title":"Precise orbit determination and gravity field improvement for the ERS satellites","volume":"103","author":"Scharroo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3189\/172756401781818356","article-title":"Indirect measurements of the mass balance of summer Arctic sea ice with an electromagnetic induction technique","volume":"33","author":"Perovich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007706","article-title":"Tide gauge-based sea level variations since 1950 along the Norwegian and Russian coasts of the Arctic Ocean: Contribution of the steric and mass components","volume":"117","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, S., Skourup, H., and Forsberg, R. (2013). Arctic tides from GPS on sea-ice. J. Geodyn., 63.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2012.09.002"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2008.07.008","article-title":"Present-day sea level rise: A synthesis","volume":"340","author":"Cazenave","year":"2008","journal-title":"C. R. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02050","article-title":"High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region","volume":"425","author":"Laxon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1126\/science.265.5172.621","article-title":"Arctic ocean gravity field derived from ERS-1 Satellite Altimetry","volume":"265","author":"Laxon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C07001","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC001026","article-title":"Sea surface height determination in the Arctic Ocean from ERS altimetry","volume":"109","author":"Peacock","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2012.718222","article-title":"A New Estimation of Mean Sea Level in the Arctic Ocean from Satellite Altimetry","volume":"35","author":"Prandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2014.954087","article-title":"An Improved 20-Year Arctic Ocean Altimetric Sea Level Data Record","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011579","article-title":"Arctic sea surface height variability and change from satellite radar altimetry and GRACE, 2003\u20132014","volume":"121","author":"Armitage","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00076","article-title":"Recent Arctic Sea Level Variations from Satellites","volume":"3","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2012.718231","article-title":"The CNES_CLS11 Global Mean Sea Surface Computed from 16 Years of Satellite Altimeter Data","volume":"35","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JC005179","article-title":"DNSC08 mean sea surface and mean dynamic topography models","volume":"114","author":"Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"EUMETSAT (2018). EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satelitte Application Facility. Global Sea Ice Concentration Continuous Reprocessing Online Product, Norwegian and Danish Meteorological."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"EUMETSAT (2017). EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility. Global Sea Ice Concentration Climate Data Record 1979\u20132015 (v2.0, 2017), Norwegian and Danish Meteorological Institutes."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"493","article-title":"New Data Systems and Products at the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level","volume":"288","author":"Holgate","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"PSML (2018, December 20). Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Tide Gauge Data. Available online: http:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/data\/obtain."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"European Space Agency (ESA), and University College London (UCL) (2013). CryoSat Product Handbook, ESRIN-ESA and Mullard Space Science Laboratory\u2014University College London. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Gilbert, L., Baker, S., Dolding, C., Vernier, A., Brockley, D., Martinez, B., and Gaudelli, J. (2018, December 20). REAPER Product Handbook for ERS Altimetry Reprocessed Products. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/web\/guest\/document-library\/browse-document-library\/-\/article\/reaper-product-handbook-for-ers-altimetry-reprocessed-products."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.074","article-title":"ALES+: Adapting a homogenous ocean retracker for satellite altimetry to sea ice leads, coastal and inland waters","volume":"211","author":"Passaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"European Space Agency (ESA) (2007). ENVISAT RA2\/MWR Product Handbook, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.02.029","article-title":"Preliminary gravity recovery from CryoSat-2 data in the Baffin Bay","volume":"50","author":"Stenseng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Scharroo, R., Leuliette, E., Lillibridge, J., Byrne, D., Naeije, M., and Mitchum, G. (2012, January 24\u201329). RADS: Consistent multi-mission products. Proceedings of the Symposium on 20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry (ESA SP-710), Venice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scharroo, R., and Smith, W. (2010). A GPS-based climatology for the total electron content in the ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JA014719"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jee, G., Lee, H.B., Kim, Y.H., Chung, J.K., and Cho, J. (2010). Assessment of GPS global ionosphere maps (GIM) by comparison between CODE GIM and TOPEX\/Jason TEC data: Ionospheric perspective. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JA015432"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llewellyn, T.S., and Bent, R.B. (1973). Documentation and Description of the Bent Ionospheric Model, Atlantic Science Corp Indian Harbour Beach.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0772733"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-825-2016","article-title":"Major improvement of altimetry sea level estimations using pressure-derived corrections based on ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis","volume":"12","author":"Carrere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"4","article-title":"Modeling the barotropic response of the global ocean to atmospheric wind and pressure forcing Comparisons with observations","volume":"30","author":"Lyard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophy. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Carrere, L., Lyard, F., Cancet, M., and Guillot, A. (2015, January 12\u201317). FES 2014, a new tidal model on the global ocean with enhanced accuracy in shallow seas and in the Arctic region. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1973.tb03420.x","article-title":"Corrected tables of tidal harmonics","volume":"33","author":"Cartwright","year":"1973","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9363","DOI":"10.1029\/JB090iB11p09363","article-title":"Deformation induced by polar motion","volume":"90","author":"Wahr","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.09.007","article-title":"Improving the precision of sea level data from satellite altimetry with high-frequency and regional sea state bias corrections","volume":"218","author":"Passaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Andersen, O.B., Stenseng, L., Piccioni, G., and Knudsen, P. (2016, January 9\u201313). The DTU15 MSS (Mean Sea Surface) and DTU15LAT (Lowest Astronomical Tide) reference surface. Proceedings of the ESA Living Planet Symposium 2016 (SP-740), Prague, Czech Republik."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.07.023","article-title":"Improved wet path delays for all ESA and reference altimetric missions","volume":"169","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(87)90332-2","article-title":"Radar altimeter data quality flagging","volume":"7","author":"Laxon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1607-2014","article-title":"Sensitivity of CryoSat-2 Arctic sea-ice freeboard and thickness on radar-waveform interpretation","volume":"8","author":"Ricker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1029\/92GL01698","article-title":"Altimetric gravity anomalies in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea-Preliminary results from the ERS-1 35 days repeat mission","volume":"19","author":"Knudsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"112","article-title":"Sea ice extent mapping using the ERS-1 radar altimeter","volume":"3","author":"Laxon","year":"1994","journal-title":"EARSeL Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7729","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JC900112","article-title":"Shallow water tides in the northwest European shelf region from TOPEX\/POSEIDON altimetry","volume":"104","author":"Andersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5194\/os-5-193-2009","article-title":"A new assessment of the error budget of global Mean Sea Level rate estimated by satellite altimetry over 1993\u20132008","volume":"5","author":"Ablain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Lahiri, S. (2013). Resampling Methods for Dependent Data, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076644","article-title":"GIA Model Statistics fro GRACE Hydrology, Cryosphere, and Ocen Science","volume":"45","author":"Caron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophy. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2007.03630.x","article-title":"Isolating the PGR signal in the GRACE data: Impact on mass balance estimates in Antarctica and Greenland","volume":"172","author":"Barletta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1411-2013","article-title":"Scatter of mass changes estimates at basin scale for Greenland and Antarctica","volume":"7","author":"Barletta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"6","article-title":"Mitigating the effects of vertical land motion in tide gauge records using a state-of-the-art GPS velocity field","volume":"98\u201399","author":"Gravelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.02992.x","article-title":"A geophysical interpretation of the secular displacement and gravity rates observed at Ny-\u00c5lesund, Svalbard in the Arctic\u2014Effects of post-glacial rebound and present-day ice melting","volume":"165","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Im, J., Kim, J., Kim, M., Shin, M., Cheol Kim, H., and Quackenbush, L.J. (2016). Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Estimation from CryoSat-2 Satellite Data Using Machine Learning-Based Lead Detection. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090698"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-2437-2018","article-title":"Empirical parametrization of envisat freeboard retrieval of arctic and antarctic sea ice based on CryoSat-2: Progress in the ESA climate change initiative","volume":"12","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5299","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2813061","article-title":"Development of an ENVISAT altimetry processor providing sea level continuity between open ocean and arctic leads","volume":"56","author":"Poisson","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047735","article-title":"Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011","volume":"38","author":"Maslanik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05168","article-title":"Acceleration of Greenland ice mass loss in spring 2004","volume":"443","author":"Velicogna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2013.07.007","article-title":"The genesis of sea level variability in the Barents Sea","volume":"66","author":"Volkov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JC002007","article-title":"Secular sea level change in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean","volume":"109","author":"Proshutinsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JC005104","article-title":"Beaufort Gyre freshwater reservoir: State and variability from observations","volume":"114","author":"Proshutinsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1379","article-title":"Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre","volume":"5","author":"Giles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-016-9390-2","article-title":"Arctic Sea Level During the Satellite Altimetry Era","volume":"38","author":"Carret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"European Space Agency (ESA) (2018). ESA Earth Observation Missions, ESA."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690571","article-title":"Collinear and cross-over adjustment of Geosat ERM and Seasat altimeter data in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"14","author":"Knudsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.008","article-title":"ALES: A multi-mission adaptive subwaveform retracker for coastal and open ocean altimetry","volume":"145","author":"Passaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/14\/1672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T23:34:14Z","timestamp":1721518454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/14\/1672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11141672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11141672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]}}}