{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T05:04:25Z","timestamp":1725167065293},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX16AN88G"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"The Harmonized Landsat\/Sentinel-2 (HLS) project aims to generate a seamless surface reflectance product by combining observations from USGS\/NASA Landsat-8 and ESA Sentinel-2 remote sensing satellites. These satellites\u2019 sampling characteristics provide nearly constant observation geometry and low illumination variation through the scene. However, the illumination variation throughout the year impacts the surface reflectance by producing higher values for low solar zenith angles and lower reflectance for large zenith angles. In this work, we present a model to derive the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) normalization and apply it to the HLS product at 30 m spatial resolution. It is based on the BRDF parameters estimated from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance product (M{O,Y}D09) at 1 km spatial resolution using the VJB method (Vermote et al., 2009). Unsupervised classification (segmentation) of HLS images is used to disaggregate the BRDF parameters to the HLS spatial resolution and to build a BRDF parameters database at HLS scale. We first test the proposed BRDF normalization for different solar zenith angles over two homogeneous sites, in particular one desert and one Peruvian Amazon forest. The proposed method reduces both the correlation with the solar zenith angle and the coefficient of variation (CV) of the reflectance time series in the red and near infrared bands to 4% in forest and keeps a low CV of 3% to 4% for the deserts. Additionally, we assess the impact of the view zenith angle (VZA) in an area of the Brazilian Amazon forest close to the equator, where impact of the angular variation is stronger because it occurs in the principal plane. The directional reflectance shows a strong dependency with the VZA. The current HLS BRDF correction reduces this dependency but still shows an under-correction, especially in the near infrared, while the proposed method shows no dependency with the view angles. We also evaluate the BRDF parameters using field surface albedo measurements as a reference over seven different sites of the US surface radiation budget observing network (SURFRAD) and five sites of the Australian OzFlux network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T08:06:55Z","timestamp":1552896415000},"page":"632","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Method for Landsat and Sentinel 2 (HLS) BRDF Normalization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0593-7874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Franch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Vermote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9039-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergii","family":"Skakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Roger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Masek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Junchang","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"},{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Villaescusa-Nadal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0777-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Santamaria-Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.09.002","article-title":"The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance data set","volume":"219","author":"Claverie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.04.008","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of the performance of the Landsat 8\/OLI land surface reflectance product","volume":"185","author":"Vermote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villaescusa-Nadal, J.L., Franch, B., Roger, J., Vermote, E.F., Skakun, S., and Justice, C. (2019). Spectral Adjustment Model\u2019s Analysis and Application to Remote Sensing Data. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2890068"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2343592","article-title":"Angular Effects and Correction for Medium Resolution Sensors to Support Crop Monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.01.023","article-title":"A general method to normalize Landsat reflectance data to nadir BRDF adjusted reflectance","volume":"176","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.019","article-title":"An algorithm for the retrieval of 30-m snow-free albedo from Landsat surface reflectance and MODIS BRDF","volume":"115","author":"Shuai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00091-3","article-title":"First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS","volume":"83","author":"Schaaf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.009","article-title":"An approach for the long-term 30-m land surface snow-free albedo retrieval from historic Landsat surface reflectance and MODIS-based a priori anisotropy knowledge","volume":"152","author":"Shuai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5010083","article-title":"An Operational Scheme for Deriving Standardised Surface Reflectance from Landsat TM\/ETM+ and SPOT HRG Imagery for Eastern Australia","volume":"5","author":"Flood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"249","article-title":"Evaluation of directional normalization methods for Landsat TM\/ETM+ over primary Amazonian lowland forests","volume":"58","author":"Tuomisto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franch, B., Vermote, E.F., and Claverie, M. (2014). Intercomparison of Landsat albedo retrieval techniques and evaluation against in situ measurements across the US SURFRAD network. Remote Sens. Environ., 152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.019"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2005977","article-title":"Towards a Generalized Approach for Correction of the BRDF Effect in MODIS Directional Reflectances","volume":"47","author":"Vermote","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7549","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2313842","article-title":"Retrieval of Surface Albedo on a Daily Basis: Application to MODIS Data","volume":"52","author":"Franch","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00185","article-title":"Toward Landsat and Sentinel-2 BRDF Normalization and Albedo Estimation: A Case Study in the Peruvian Amazon Forest","volume":"6","author":"Franch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JG003464","article-title":"Fluvial carbon export from a lowland Amazonian rainforest in relation to atmospheric fluxes","volume":"121","author":"Vihermaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.006","article-title":"Bidirectional effects in Landsat reflectance estimates: Is there a problem to solve?","volume":"103","author":"Nagol","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities","volume":"82","author":"Baldocchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20455","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01411","article-title":"A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth\u2019s surface for the correction of remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Roujean","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1986.289706","article-title":"Geometric-optical bidirectional reflectance modeling of a conifer forest canopy","volume":"GE-24","author":"Li","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8763","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00089","article-title":"Expected retrieval accuracies of bidirectional reflectance and albedo from EOS-MODIS and MISR angular sampling","volume":"103","author":"Lucht","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.12.006","article-title":"Bidirectional reflectance of Earth targets: Evaluation of analytical models using a large set of spaceborne measurements with emphasis on the Hot Spot","volume":"90","author":"Maignan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skakun, S., Vermote, E.F., Roger, J.-C., Justice, C.O., and Masek, J.G. (2019). Validation of the LaSRC cloud detection algorithm for Landsat 8 images. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2894553"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00205-4","article-title":"Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I: Algorithms","volume":"76","author":"Liang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.431","article-title":"Reduced simple ratio better than NDVI for estimating LAI in Finnish pine and spruce stands","volume":"38","author":"Stenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Silva Fennica"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.025","article-title":"Correction of MODIS surface reflectance time series for BRDF effects","volume":"125","author":"Vermote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.06.016","article-title":"Floristic composition and across-track reflectance gradient in Landsat images over Amazonian forests","volume":"119","author":"Muro","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4082401","article-title":"Use of Landsat and SRTM data to detect broad-scale biodiversity patterns in Northwestern Amazonia","volume":"4","author":"Higgins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.77","article-title":"A Landsat composite covering all Amazonia for applications in ecology and conservation","volume":"4","author":"Tuomisto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/6\/632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T13:49:58Z","timestamp":1718545798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/6\/632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11060632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11060632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]}}}