{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T13:06:40Z","timestamp":1719752800904},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"We revised the calibration of a water vapor Raman lidar by co-located radiosoundings for a site in the high European Arctic. For this purpose, we defined robust criteria for a valid calibration. One of these criteria is the logarithm of the water vapor mixing ratio between the sonde and the lidar. With an error analysis, we showed that for our site correlations smaller than 0.95 could be explained neither by noise in the lidar nor by wrong assumptions concerning the aerosol or Rayleigh extinction. However, highly variable correlation coefficients between sonde and consecutive lidar profiles were found, suggesting that small scale variability of the humidity was our largest source of error. Therefore, not all co-located radiosoundings are useful for lidar calibration. As we assumed these changes to be non-systematic, averaging over several independent measurements increased the calibration\u2019s quality. The calibration of the water vapor measurements from the lidar for individual profiles varied by less than \u00b15%. The seasonal median, used for calibration in this study, was stable and reliable (confidence \u00b11% for the season with most calibration profiles). Thus, the water vapor mixing ratio profiles from the Koldewey Aerosol Raman Lidar (KARL) are very accurate. They show high temporal variability up to 4 km altitude and, therefore, provide additional, independent information to the radiosonde.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T08:15:29Z","timestamp":1552551329000},"page":"616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Water Vapor Calibration: Using a Raman Lidar and Radiosoundings to Obtain Highly Resolved Water Vapor Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9244-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birte","family":"Kulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Geophysik und Meteorologie, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Pohligstr. 3, 50969 Cologne, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004","article-title":"Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis","volume":"77","author":"Serreze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-014-1173-4","article-title":"Surface radiation climatology for Ny-\u00c5lesund, Svalbard (78.9\u2218N), basic observations for trend detection","volume":"120","author":"Maturilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4928620","article-title":"Contribution of Atmospheric Advection to the Amplified Winter Warming in the Arctic North Atlantic Region","volume":"2017","author":"Dahlke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. (2007). Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing: Chapter 2. Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/354382a0","article-title":"Sensitivity of the Earth\u2019s climate to height-dependent changes in the water vapour mixing ratio","volume":"354","author":"Shine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006282107","article-title":"Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases","volume":"107","author":"Solomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7869","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-7869-2014","article-title":"Reconciling aerosol light extinction measurements from spaceborne lidar observations and in situ measurements in the Arctic","volume":"14","author":"Tesche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10925","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-10925-2012","article-title":"A multi-instrument comparison of integrated water vapour measurements at a high latitude site","volume":"12","author":"Buehler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-5033-2007","article-title":"Evaluation of ECMWF water vapour fields by airborne differential absorption lidar measurements: A case study between Brazil and Europe","volume":"7","author":"Flentje","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1391.1","article-title":"Airborne and Ground-Based Measurements Using a High-Performance Raman lidar","volume":"27","author":"Whiteman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8111","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.008111","article-title":"RAMSES: German Meteorological Service autonomous Raman lidar for water vapor, temperature, aerosol, and cloud measurements","volume":"51","author":"Reichardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-313-2019","article-title":"Automated compact mobile Raman lidar for water vapor measurement: Instrument description and validation by comparison with radiosonde, GNSS, and high-resolution objective analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sakai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.002571","article-title":"Examination of the traditional Raman lidar technique I Evaluating the temperature-dependent lidar equations","volume":"42","author":"Whiteman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711448406","article-title":"Humidity measurements in the free troposphere using Raman backscatter","volume":"114","author":"Vaughan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.005816","article-title":"Methodology for the independent calibration of Raman backscatter water-vapor lidar systems","volume":"38","author":"Sherlock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1995)012<1177:ACOWVM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Comparison of Water Vapor Measurements Made by Raman Lidar and Radiosondes","volume":"12","author":"Ferrare","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-1201-2014","article-title":"Tropospheric water vapour and relative humidity profiles from lidar and microwave radiometry","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7753","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-7753-2015","article-title":"Water vapour profiles from Raman lidar automatically calibrated by microwave radiometer data during HOPE","volume":"15","author":"Foth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-3325-2017","article-title":"Optimal estimation of water vapour profiles using a combination of Raman lidar and microwave radiometer","volume":"10","author":"Foth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, G., Althausen, D., Hofer, J., Engelmann, R., Seifert, P., B\u00fchl, J., Mamouri, R.E., Wu, S., and Ansmann, A. (2017). Calibration of Raman lidar water vapor profiles by means of AERONET photometer observations and GDAS meteorological data. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2017-452"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.005592","article-title":"Accuracy of Raman lidar water vapor calibration and its applicability to long-term measurements","volume":"47","author":"Leblanc","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-1215-2010","article-title":"Integrated water vapor above Ny\u2014\u00c5lesund, Spitsbergen: A amulti-sensor intercomparison","volume":"10","author":"Palm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-79-2016","article-title":"The uncertainty of the atmospheric integrated water vapour estimated from GNSS observations","volume":"9","author":"Ning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crewell, S., and L\u00f6hnert, U. (2003). Accuracy of cloud liquid water path from ground-based microwave radiometry 2. Sensor accuracy and synergy. Radio Sci., 38.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002RS002634"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hoffmann, A. (2011). Comparative aerosol studies based on multi-wavelength Raman LIDAR at Ny-\u00c5lesund, Spitsbergen. Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung = Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Alfred-Wegener-Institut f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.000763","article-title":"Retrieval of water vapor mixing ratio from a multiple channel Raman-scatter lidar using an optimal estimation method","volume":"55","author":"Sica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.003068","article-title":"Raman lidar system for the measurement of water vapor and aerosols in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere","volume":"31","author":"Whiteman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.11.001","article-title":"Aerosol remote sensing in polar regions","volume":"140","author":"Tomasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1763-2010","article-title":"Ceilometer lidar comparison: Backscatter coefficient retrieval and signal-to-noise ratio determination","volume":"3","author":"Heese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-4463-2014","article-title":"Reference quality upper-air measurements: GRUAN data processing for the Vaisala RS92 radiosonde","volume":"7","author":"Dirksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.007113","article-title":"Independent measurements of extinction and backscatter profiles in cirrus clouds by using a combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar","volume":"31","author":"Ansmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-3103-2017","article-title":"Using paraxial approximation to describe the optical setup of a typical EARLINET lidar system","volume":"10","author":"Kokkalis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5186","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.005186","article-title":"Influence of the photomultiplier tube spatial uniformity on lidar signals","volume":"38","author":"Simeonov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00236.x","article-title":"Arctic haze: Current trends and knowledge gaps","volume":"59","author":"Quinn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Schulz, A. (2012). Die arktische Grenzschichth\u00f6he auf der Basis von Sondierungen am Atmosph\u00e4renobservatorium in Ny-Alesund und im ECMWF-Modell. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e4t Potsdam]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/818473","article-title":"Wind Climate in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, and Attribution of Leading Wind Driving Mechanisms through Turbulence-Resolving Simulations","volume":"2012","author":"Esau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/6\/616\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T12:27:30Z","timestamp":1718540850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/6\/616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11060616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11060616","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]}}}