{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T15:18:50Z","timestamp":1726759130445},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]],"date-time":"2009-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1261008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"Unlike mobile survey systems, stationary survey systems are given very little direct georeferencing attention. Direct Georeferencing is currently being used in several mobile applications, especially in terrestrial and airborne LiDAR systems. Georeferencing of stationary terrestrial LiDAR scanning data, however, is currently performed indirectly through using control points in the scanning site. The indirect georeferencing procedure is often troublesome; the availability of control stations within the scanning range is not always possible. Also, field procedure can be laborious and involve extra equipment and target setups. In addition, the conventional method allows for possible human error due to target information bookkeeping. Additionally, the accuracy of this procedure varies according to the quality of the control used. By adding a dual GPS antenna apparatus to the scanner setup, thereby supplanting the use of multiple ground control points scattered throughout the scanning site, we mitigate not only the problems associated with indirect georeferencing but also induce a more efficient set up procedure while maintaining sufficient precision. In this paper, we describe a new method for determining the 3D absolute orientation of LiDAR point cloud using GPS measurements from two antennae firmly mounted on the optical head of a stationary LiDAR system. In this paper, the general case is derived where the orientation angles are not small; this case completes the theory of stationary LiDAR direct georeferencing. Simulation and real world field experimentation of the prototype implementation suggest a precision of about 0.05 degrees (~1 milli-radian) for the three orientation angles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1041321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]],"date-time":"2009-12-18T17:47:28Z","timestamp":1261158448000},"page":"1321-1337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Direct Georeferencing of Stationary LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"304 Reed Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0565, USA"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"304 Reed Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0565, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Scanning the Waters: How LiDAR Is Helping to Survey the Nation\u2019s Shoreline","volume":"33","author":"Mohamed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Point Beg. 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Proceedings of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineering Conference, Tokushima, Japan."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/48.485206","article-title":"Shipborne GPS Attitude Determination during MMST-93","volume":"21","author":"Lachapelle","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gutierrez, M.S. (2006). Mapping of the February 17, 2006, Southern Leyte-Philippines Landslide, Colorado School of Mines. unpublished report."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Wilkinson, B., and Mohamed, A. (, January January). Ground based LiDAR Georeferencing Using Dual GPS Antenna Attitude. Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation International Technical Meeting, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wolf, P.R., and Dewitt, B.A. (2000). Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS, McGraw-Hill Science\/Engineering\/Math. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Strang, G., and Borre, K. (1997). Linear Algebra, Geodesy, and GPS, Wellesley-Cambridge Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghilani, C.D., and Wolf, P. (2006). Adjustment Computations\u2013Spatial Data Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470121498"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/1\/4\/1321\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T03:23:11Z","timestamp":1716952991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/1\/4\/1321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs1041321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs1041321","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]}}}