{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T16:13:45Z","timestamp":1740154425945,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871235 and 41601366"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"The urban green cover in high-spatial resolution (HR) remote sensing images have obvious multiscale characteristics, it is thus not possible to properly segment all features using a single segmentation scale because over-segmentation or under-segmentation often occurs. In this study, an unsupervised cross-scale optimization method specifically for urban green cover segmentation is proposed. A global optimal segmentation is first selected from multiscale segmentation results by using an optimization indicator. The regions in the global optimal segmentation are then isolated into under- and fine-segmentation parts. The under-segmentation regions are further locally refined by using the same indicator as that in global optimization. Finally, the fine-segmentation part and the refined under-segmentation part are combined to obtain the final cross-scale optimized result. The green cover objects can be segmented at their specific optimal segmentation scales in the optimized segmentation result to reduce both under- and over-segmentation errors. Experimental results on two test HR datasets verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T16:32:47Z","timestamp":1542299567000},"page":"1813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Multiscale Optimized Segmentation of Urban Green Cover in High Resolution Remote Sensing Image"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2739-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"}]},{"given":"Xueliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"}]},{"given":"Hongmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"}]},{"given":"Xuezhi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.08.016","article-title":"Quantifying green cover change for sustainable urban planning: A case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","volume":"27","author":"Kanniah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Salbitano, F., Borelli, S., Conigliaro, M., and Chen, Y. (2016). Guidelines on Urban and Peri-Urban Forestry, FAO. FAO Forestry Paper (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2645798","article-title":"Semantic Classification of Urban Trees Using Very High Resolution Satellite Imagery","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291198","article-title":"Urban vegetation monitoring in Hong Kong using high resolution multispectral images","volume":"26","author":"Nichol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2008.2007514","article-title":"Detection, Characterization, and Modeling Vegetation in Urban Areas from High-Resolution Aerial Imagery","volume":"1","author":"Iovan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.10.006","article-title":"Urban-trees extraction from Quickbird imagery using multiscale spectex-filtering and non-parametric classification","volume":"63","author":"Ouma","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.10.005","article-title":"Extracting urban vegetation characteristics using spectral mixture analysis and decision tree classifications","volume":"113","author":"Tooke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.01.008","article-title":"A multi-index learning approach for classification of high-resolution remotely sensed images over urban areas","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.09.014","article-title":"Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis\u2014Towards a new paradigm","volume":"87","author":"Blaschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"57","article-title":"Context-sensitive extraction of tree crown objects in urban areas using VHR satellite images","volume":"15","author":"Ardila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6386","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1354266","article-title":"Sub-pixel vs. super-pixel-based greenspace mapping along the urban\u2013rural gradient using high spatial resolution Gaofen-2 satellite imagery: A case study of Haidian District, Beijing, China","volume":"38","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"235","article-title":"Object-oriented mapping of urban trees using Random Forest classifiers","volume":"26","author":"Puissant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Dey, V., Zhang, Y., and Zhong, M. (2010, January 5\u20137). A review on image segmentation techniques with remote sensing perspective. Proceedings of the ISPRS TC VII Symposium\u2014100 Years ISPRS, Vienna, Austria. Part 7A."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2006.11.009","article-title":"Mapping private gardens in urban areas using object-oriented techniques and very high-resolution satellite imagery","volume":"81","author":"Mathieu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3102243","article-title":"Monitoring Urban Tree Cover Using Object-Based Image Analysis and Public Domain Remotely Sensed Data","volume":"3","author":"Moskal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2003.10.002","article-title":"Multi-resolution, object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS-ready information","volume":"58","author":"Benz","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004","article-title":"Object based image analysis for remote sensing","volume":"65","author":"Blaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003745608","article-title":"Multi-scale GEOBIA with very high spatial resolution digital aerial imagery: Scale, texture and image objects","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.71.11.1285","article-title":"Assessment of Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Image Segmentations","volume":"71","author":"Carleer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4625","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701241746","article-title":"Optimization in multi-scale segmentation of high-resolution satellite images for artificial feature recognition","volume":"28","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.01.007","article-title":"Discrepancy measures for selecting optimal combination of parameter values in object-based image analysis","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.10.005","article-title":"Evaluation of data fusion and image segmentation in earth observation based rapid mapping workflows","volume":"87","author":"Witharana","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.01.009","article-title":"Segmentation quality evaluation using region-based precision and recall measures for remote sensing images","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.11.006","article-title":"Optimizing multi-resolution segmentation scale using empirical methods: Exploring the sensitivity of the supervised discrepancy measure Euclidean distance 2 (ED2)","volume":"87","author":"Witharana","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2005.854491","article-title":"Toward a generic evaluation of image segmentation","volume":"14","author":"Cardoso","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600617194","article-title":"Parameter selection for region-growing image segmentation algorithms using spatial autocorrelation","volume":"27","author":"Espindola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810903174803","article-title":"ESP: A tool to estimate scale parameter for multiresolution image segmentation of remotely sensed data","volume":"24","author":"Tiede","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.11.018","article-title":"Automated parameterisation for multi-scale image segmentation on multiple layers","volume":"88","author":"Csillik","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.04.008","article-title":"A multi-band approach to unsupervised scale parameter selection for multi-scale image segmentation","volume":"94","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2163056","article-title":"An Unsupervised Evaluation Method for Remotely Sensed Imagery Segmentation","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.04.010","article-title":"Scale parameter selection by spatial statistics for GeOBIA: Using mean-shift based multi-scale segmentation as an example","volume":"106","author":"Ming","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500057749","article-title":"De Complexity metrics to quantify semantic accuracy in segmented Landsat images","volume":"26","author":"Stein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2010.02.004","article-title":"Spatial dependence of predictions from image segmentation: A variogram-based method to determine appropriate scales for producing land-management information","volume":"5","author":"Karl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2151866","article-title":"Segment Optimization and Data-Driven Thresholding for Knowledge-Based Landslide Detection by Object-Based Image Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Martha","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.02.006","article-title":"Unsupervised image segmentation evaluation and refinement using a multi-scale approach","volume":"66","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2187789","article-title":"A Scale-Synthesis Method for High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Image Segmentation","volume":"50","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2381632","article-title":"Toward Evaluating Multiscale Segmentations of High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Images","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916644","article-title":"Automatic Detection of Geospatial Objects Using Multiple Hierarchical Segmentations","volume":"46","author":"Aksoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2008.919622","article-title":"Improvement of Image Segmentation Accuracy Based on Multiscale Optimization Procedure","volume":"5","author":"Esch","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.017","article-title":"Per-pixel vs. object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery","volume":"115","author":"Myint","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.007","article-title":"Segmentation optimization and stratified object-based analysis for semi-automated geomorphological mapping","volume":"115","author":"Anders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.10.017","article-title":"Green spaces of European cities revisited for 1990\u20132006","volume":"110","author":"Kabisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2013.10.002","article-title":"The temporal trend of urban green coverage in major Chinese cities between 1990 and 2010","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2013.03.011","article-title":"Urban green spaces analysis for development planning in Colombo, Sri Lanka, utilizing THEOS satellite imagery\u2014A remote sensing and GIS approach","volume":"12","author":"Senanayake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017","article-title":"Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities \u2018just green enough\u2019","volume":"125","author":"Wolch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.08.003","article-title":"Toward combining thematic information with hierarchical multiscale segmentations using tree Markov random field model","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Strobl, J. (2000). Multiresolution Segmentation: An optimization approach for high quality multi-scale image segmentation. Angewandte Geographische Informations-Verarbeitung XII, Wichmann-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000236","article-title":"Mean shift: A robust approach toward feature space analysis","volume":"24","author":"Comaniciu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.161","article-title":"Contour Detection and Hierarchical Image Segmentation","volume":"33","author":"Maire","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"21","article-title":"Automated object-based classification of topography from SRTM data","volume":"141\u2013142","author":"Eisank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00169-7","article-title":"A survey on evaluation methods for image segmentation","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Van Rijsbergen, C.J. (1979). Information Retrieval, Butterworth-Heinemann. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/11\/1813\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T17:05:28Z","timestamp":1718298328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/11\/1813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10111813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10111813","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]}}}