{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T16:17:18Z","timestamp":1726762638290},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHS-#1425337"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"The ubiquity of multimodal smart devices affords new opportunities for eyes-free applications for conveying graphical information to both sighted and visually impaired users. Using previously established haptic design guidelines for generic rendering of graphical content on touchscreen interfaces, the current study evaluates the learning and mental representation of digital maps, representing a key real-world translational eyes-free application. Two experiments involving 12 blind participants and 16 sighted participants compared cognitive map development and test performance on a range of spatio-behavioral tasks across three information-matched learning-mode conditions: (1) our prototype vibro-audio map (VAM), (2) traditional hardcopy-tactile maps, and (3) visual maps. Results demonstrated that when perceptual parameters of the stimuli were matched between modalities during haptic and visual map learning, test performance was highly similar (functionally equivalent) between the learning modes and participant groups. These results suggest equivalent cognitive map formation between both blind and sighted users and between maps learned from different sensory inputs, providing compelling evidence supporting the development of amodal spatial representations in the brain. The practical implications of these results include empirical evidence supporting a growing interest in the efficacy of multisensory interfaces as a primary interaction style for people both with and without vision. Findings challenge the long-held assumption that blind people exhibit deficits on global spatial tasks compared to their sighted peers, with results also providing empirical support for the methodological use of sighted participants in studies pertaining to technologies primarily aimed at supporting blind users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T07:01:19Z","timestamp":1640242879000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparing Map Learning between Touchscreen-Based Visual and Haptic Displays: A Behavioral Evaluation with Blind and Sighted Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hari Prasath","family":"Palani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNAR Labs, Portland, ME 04102, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul D. S.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VEMI Lab, School of Computing and Information Science, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7640-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNAR Labs, Portland, ME 04102, USA"},{"name":"VEMI Lab, School of Computing and Information Science, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Visual Impairment and Blindness Fact Sheet, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2317","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Blindness and Distance and Near Vision Impairment in 2020: Progress towards the Vision 2020 targets and what the future holds","volume":"61","author":"Bourne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Apple (2019, March 10). Apple VoiceOver. Available online: www.apple.com\/accessibility\/voiceover\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2019, March 10). JAWS. Available online: www.freedomscientific.com."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"WebAim (2018, January 08). WebAim: Screen Reader User Survey #5 Results. Available online: http:\/\/webaim.org\/projects\/screenreadersurvey5\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giudice, N.A., Palani, H., Brenner, E., and Kramer, K.M. (2012). Learning Non-Visual Graphical Information using a Touch-Based Vibro-Audio Interface. Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets\u201912), Boulder, CO, USA, 22\u201324 October 2012, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2384916.2384935"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-00002447","article-title":"Touch-Screen Technology for the Dynamic Display of 2D Spatial Information Without Vision: Promise and progress","volume":"27","author":"Klatzky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multisens. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3301415","article-title":"Non-visual Perception of Lines on a Multimodal Touchscreen Tablet","volume":"16","author":"Tennison","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001274","article-title":"Comparing graphical pattern matching on tablets and phones: Large screens are not necessarily better","volume":"95","author":"Tennison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennison, J.L., and Gorlewicz, J.L. (2016, January 4\u20137). Toward Non-visual Graphics Representations on Vibratory Touchscreens: Shape Exploration and Identification. Proceedings of the 10th International EuroHaptics Conference, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42324-1_38"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poppinga, B., Magnusson, C., Pielot, M., and Rassmus-Gr\u00f6hn, K. (2011). TouchOver map: Audio-tactile exploration of interactive maps. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices, Lisbon, Portugal, 7\u201310 September 2010, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2037373.2037458"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Antona, M., and Stephanidis, C. (2016). Evaluation of Non-visual Zooming Operations on Touchscreen Devices. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (UAHCI), Part of HCI International 2016, Toronto, CA, USA, 17\u201322 July 2016, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3035537","article-title":"Principles for Designing Large-Format Refreshable Haptic Graphics Using Touchscreen Devices: An Evaluation of Nonvisual Panning methods","volume":"9","author":"Palani","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Access. Comput. (TACCESS)"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00087","article-title":"Cognitive mapping without vision: Comparing wayfinding performance after learning from digital touchscreen-based multimodal maps vs. embossed tactile overlays","volume":"14","author":"Giudice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grussenmeyer, W., Garcia, J., and Jiang, F. (2016). Feasibility of using haptic directions through maps with a tablet and smart watch for people who are blind and visually impaired. MobileHCI\u201916, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2935334.2935367"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Braille Authority of North America (2010). Guidelines and Standards for Tactile Graphics, The Braille Authority of North America."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/026461960302100303","article-title":"The world of touch: An international survey of tactile maps. Part 1: Production","volume":"21","author":"Rowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Vis. Impair."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/026461960302100304","article-title":"The world of touch: An international survey of tactile maps. Part 2: Design","volume":"21","author":"Rowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Vis. Impair."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1981.46.6.1177","article-title":"Tactile spatial resolution. I. Two-point discrimination, gap detection, grating resolution, and letter recognition","volume":"46","author":"Johnson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"31","article-title":"Tactual perception","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Boff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Handbook of Perception and Human Performance"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X250638","article-title":"Tactile displays: Guidance for their design and application","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1068\/p100005","article-title":"Tactile pattern perception","volume":"10","author":"Loomis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.114.1.33","article-title":"Spatial and movement-based heuristics for encoding pattern information through touch","volume":"114","author":"Lederman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2015.2466231","article-title":"Designing media for visually-impaired users of refreshable touch displays: Possibilities and pitfalls","volume":"8","author":"Giudice","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Palani, H. (2013). Making Graphical Information Accessible Without Vision Using Touch-Based Devices, University of Maine."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Raja, M.K. (2011). The Development and Validation of a New Smartphone Based Non-Visual Spatial Interface for Learning Indoor Layouts, University of Maine."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.7.1439","article-title":"Haptic perception: A tutorial","volume":"71","author":"Lederman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorlewicz, J.L., Tennison, J.L., Palani, H.P., and Giudice, N.A. (2018). The Graphical Access Challenge for People with Visual Impairments: Positions and Pathways Forward. Interactive Multimedia, IntechOpen. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330940759_The_Graphical_Access_Challenge_for_People_with_Visual_Impairments_Positions_and_Pathways_Forward.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.82289"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3383457","article-title":"Establishing Vibration-based Tactile Line Profiles for Use in Multimodal Graphics","volume":"17","author":"Tennison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1752464","article-title":"Design Guidelines for Schematizing and Rendering Haptically Perceivable Graphical Elements on Touchscreen Devices","volume":"36","author":"Palani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3403933","article-title":"Design Guidelines and Recommendations for Multimodal, Touchscreen-based Graphics","volume":"13","author":"Gorlewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Access. Comput. (TACCESS)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X7707100501","article-title":"Orientation maps for visually impaired persons","volume":"71","author":"Bentzen","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Vis. Impair. Blind."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Wiedel, J. (1983). Spatial cognition through tactual maps. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Maps and Graphics for the Visually Handicapped, Washington, DC, USA, 10\u201312 March 1983, Association of American Geographers."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9108500708","article-title":"Tactual strip maps as navigational aids","volume":"85","author":"Golledge","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vis. Impair. Blind."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.20","article-title":"Representation of space in blind persons: Vision as a spatial sense?","volume":"121","author":"Gaunet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1375","article-title":"Spatial navigation by congenitally blind individuals","volume":"7","author":"Schinazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"45","article-title":"Establishing and Maintaining Orientation: Tools, Techniques, and Technologies","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Giudice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foundations of Orientation and Mobility"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, P., and Miyake, A. (2005). Navigation. The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610448"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golledge, R.G. (1999). Human wayfinding and cognitive maps. Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes, Johns Hopkins University Press.","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801859939"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe, J., and Nadel, L. (1978). The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portugali, J. (1996). Cognitive mapping and wayfinding by adults without vision. The Construction of Cognitive Maps, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-585-33485-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millar, S. (1994). Understanding and Representing Space: Theory and Evidence from Studies with Blind and Sighted Children, Clarendon Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198521426.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Edman, P.K. (1992). Tactile Graphics, American Foundation for the Blind."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/0033-0124.00191","article-title":"Map using by adults with visual impairments","volume":"51","author":"Blades","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Kitchin, R., and Freundschuh, S. (2000). Cognitive mapping without visual experience. Cognitive Mapping. Past, Present, and Future, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Parkes, D. (1988, January 20\u201322). \u201cNOMAD\u201d: An audio-tactile tool for the acquisition, use and management of spatially distributed information by partially sighted and blind persons. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Maps and Graphics for Visually Handicapped People, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducasse, J., Brock, A., and Jouffrais, C. (2018). Accessible Interactive Maps for Visually Impaired Users. Mobility of Visually Impaired People, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54446-5_17"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/2850440.2850441","article-title":"Interactive audio-tactile maps for visually impaired people","volume":"113","author":"Brock","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"191","article-title":"Exploring auditorily enhanced tactile maps for travel in new environments","volume":"237","author":"Holmes","year":"1996","journal-title":"New Technol. Educ. Vis. Handicap."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane, S.K., Morris, M.R., and Wobbrock, J.O. (2013). Touchplates: Low-cost tactile overlays for visually impaired touch screen users. Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Bellevue, WA, USA, 21\u201323 October 2013, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513442"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1110500404","article-title":"Comparing Tactile Maps and Haptic Digital Representations of a Maritime Environment","volume":"105","author":"Simonnet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Impair. Blind."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.03.005","article-title":"Open Touch\/Sound Maps: A system to convey street data through haptic and auditory feedback","volume":"57","author":"Kaklanis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2477999","article-title":"Exploration of Location-Aware You-Are-Here Maps on a Pin-Matrix Display","volume":"46","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brayda, L., Leo, F., Baccelliere, C., Ferrari, E., and Vigini, C. (2018). Updated Tactile Feedback with a Pin Array Matrix Helps Blind People to Reduce Self-Location Errors. Micromachines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9070351"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Lacey, S., and Lawson, R. (2013). Representing 3D space in working memory: Spatial images from vision, touch, hearing, and language. Multisensory Imagery: Theory & Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022331","article-title":"Functional equivalence of spatial images from touch and vision: Evidence from spatial updating in blind and sighted individuals","volume":"37","author":"Giudice","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group (2004). Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch. Ophthalmol., 122, 477\u2013485.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.477"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P., and Stewart, D. (2004). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICIDH-2), The World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2141943.2141945","article-title":"Representing users in accessibility research","volume":"4","author":"Sears","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Access. Comput."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Shneiderman, B., Plaisant, C., Cohen, M., and Jacobs, S. (2009). Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction, Addison Wesley. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204374","article-title":"The role of visual experience in knowledge of spatial layout","volume":"28","author":"Rieser","year":"1980","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916588202006","article-title":"Wayfinding without vision: An experiment with congenitally, totally blind people","volume":"20","author":"Passini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"516","article-title":"Reference points in spatial cognition","volume":"6","author":"Sadalla","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"837","article-title":"Touchscreen-based haptic information access for assisting blind and visually-impaired users: Perceptual parameters and design guidelines","volume":"Volume 798","author":"Palani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Usability, User Experience and Assistive Technology, Part of the International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE\u201918)"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palani, H.P., Giudice, G.B., and Giudice, N.A. (2018). Haptic Information Access on Touchscreen devices: Guidelines for accurate perception and judgment of line orientation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 15\u201320 July 2018, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92049-8_18"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1994.tb00320.x","article-title":"Bidimensional regression","volume":"26","author":"Tobler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.4.468","article-title":"Bidimensional regression: Assessing the configural similarity and accuracy of cognitive maps and other two-dimensional data sets","volume":"8","author":"Friedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.065","article-title":"Neural correlates of real-world route learning","volume":"53","author":"Schinazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montello, D.R. (2018). Navigating without Vision: Principles of Blind Spatial Cognition. Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Geography, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781784717544"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palani, H.P., and Giudice, N.A. (2014). Evaluation of non-visual panning operations using touch-screen devices. Proceedings of the 16th international ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility (ASSETS\u201914), Rochester, NY, USA, 21\u201322 October 2014, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2661334.2661336"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Rosenzweig, A., Goel, A., de Lara, D., and Truong, K.N. (2010, January 7\u201310). Timbremap: Enabling the visually-impaired to use maps on touch-enabled devices. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices, Lisboa, Portugal. Available online: https:\/\/www.eecg.utoronto.ca\/~ashvin\/publications\/timbermap.pdf.","DOI":"10.1145\/1851600.1851606"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.28.2.335","article-title":"Spatial updating of locations specified by 3-d sound and spatial language","volume":"28","author":"Loomis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1068\/p5915","article-title":"Learning building layouts with non-geometric visual information: The effects of visual impairment and age","volume":"37","author":"Kalia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0017.1997.tb00073.x","article-title":"Representing space in language and perception","volume":"12","author":"Bryant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mind Lang."}],"container-title":["Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/6\/1\/1\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T12:50:37Z","timestamp":1721739037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/6\/1\/1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["mti6010001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti6010001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-4088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-4088","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}}}