{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T07:10:16Z","timestamp":1735542616679,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701466","41975041"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Xuzhou Key R&D Program","award":["KC18225"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority academic program development of Jiangsu higher education institutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["140119001"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science & Technology Department of Liaoning Province","award":["20180550831"]},{"name":"Youth Innovation for Science & Technology of Shenyang","award":["RC200606"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) and its derivatives (e.g., curvature, slope, aspect) offer a great possibility of representing the details of Earth\u2019s surface in three-dimensional space. Previous research investigations concerning geomorphological variables and region-level features alone cannot precisely characterize the main structure of landforms. However, these geomorphological variables are not sufficient to represent a complex landform object\u2019s whole structure from a high-resolution DEM. Moreover, the amount of the DEM dataset is limited, including the landform object. Considering the challenges above, this paper reports an integrated model called the bag of geomorphological words (BoGW), enabling automatic landform recognition via integrating point and linear geomorphological variables, region-based features (e.g., shape, texture), and high-level landform descriptions. First, BoGW semantically characterizes the composition of geomorphological variables and meaningful parcels of each type of landform. Based on a landform\u2019s semantics, the proposed method then integrates geomorphological variables and region-level features (e.g., shape, texture) to create the feature vector for the landform. Finally, BoGW classifies a region derived from high-resolution DEM into a predefined type of landform by the feature vector. The experimental results on crater and cirque detection indicated that the proposed BoGW could support landform object recognition from high-resolution DEMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9110620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T12:59:28Z","timestamp":1603457968000},"page":"620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bag of Geomorphological Words: A Framework for Integrating Terrain Features and Semantics to Support Landform Object Recognition from High-Resolution Digital Elevation Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2567-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiran","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2598-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment Computation & Sustainability of Liaoning Province, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment Computation & Sustainability of Liaoning Province, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Weijiang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Industry Huzhou Engineering Investigation Institute, Huzhou 313000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(02)00083-1","article-title":"Geomorphology, natural hazards, vulnerability and prevention of natural disasters in developing countries","volume":"47","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2007.00058.x","article-title":"Urban rivers: Hydrology, geomorphology, ecology and opportunities for change","volume":"1","author":"Gurnell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. 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