{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T06:29:45Z","timestamp":1726381785334},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]],"date-time":"2018-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK W 1237-N23","I-3022"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"Parks are essential public places and play a central role in urban livability. However, traditional methods of investigating their attractiveness, such as questionnaires and in situ observations, are usually time- and resource-consuming, while providing less transferable and only site-specific results. This paper presents an improved methodology of using social media (Twitter) data to extract spatial and temporal patterns of park visits for urban planning purposes, along with the sentiment of the tweets, focusing on frequent Twitter users. We analyzed the spatiotemporal park visiting behavior of more than 4000 users for almost 1700 parks, examining 78,000 tweets in London, UK. The novelty of the research is in the combination of spatial and temporal aspects of Twitter data analysis, applying sentiment and emotion extraction for park visits throughout the whole city. This transferable methodology thereby overcomes many of the limitations of traditional research methods. This study concluded that people tweeted mostly in parks 3\u20134 km away from their center of activity and they were more positive than elsewhere while doing so. In our analysis, we identified four types of parks based on their visitors\u2019 spatial behavioral characteristics, the sentiment of the tweets, and the temporal distribution of the users, serving as input for further urban planning-related investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7090378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]],"date-time":"2018-09-14T14:57:59Z","timestamp":1536937079000},"page":"378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Beyond Spatial Proximity\u2014Classifying Parks and Their Visitors in London Based on Spatiotemporal and Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-2179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kovacs-Gy\u00f6ri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2682-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Ristea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Kolcsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Szeged, 6722 Szeged, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Resch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Crivellari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Blaschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batty, M. (2013). The New Science of Cities, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9399.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10030913","article-title":"What are the benefits of interacting with nature?","volume":"10","author":"Keniger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"19","article-title":"Proximity to urban parks and mental health","volume":"17","author":"Sturm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.07.008","article-title":"Health benefits of green spaces in the living environment: A systematic review of epidemiological studies","volume":"14","author":"Kemper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017","article-title":"Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities \u201cjust green enough\u201d","volume":"125","author":"Wolch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003","article-title":"The role of urban parks for the sustainable city","volume":"68","author":"Chiesura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10094086","article-title":"Green space and stress: Evidence from cortisol measures in deprived urban communities","volume":"10","author":"Roe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.10.013","article-title":"Does green space matter? Exploring relationships between green space type and health indicators","volume":"20","author":"Akpinar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdq068","article-title":"The health benefits of urban green spaces: A review of the evidence","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.12.913","article-title":"Urban residential environments and senior citizens\u2019 longevity in megacity areas: The importance of walkable green spaces","volume":"56","author":"Takano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443","article-title":"Nature and Health","volume":"35","author":"Hartig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8827","DOI":"10.3390\/su6128827","article-title":"The impact of green space changes on air pollution and microclimates: A case study of the taipei metropolitan area","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.12.010","article-title":"Effects of green space spatial pattern on land surface temperature: Implications for sustainable urban planning and climate change adaptation","volume":"89","author":"Maimaitiyiming","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920802628515","article-title":"Urban green spaces: A study of place attachment and environmental attitudes in India","volume":"22","author":"Budruk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916503260236","article-title":"Physical and psychological factors in sense of community: New urbanist Kentlands and nearby orchard village","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2013.12.005","article-title":"The influence of urban green environments on stress relief measures: A field experiment","volume":"38","author":"Ojala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.04.007","article-title":"Role of green space in urban planning: Outlook towards smart cities","volume":"25","author":"Anguluri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3759","article-title":"Living in cities, naturally","volume":"352","author":"Hartig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.02.009","article-title":"What determines the use of urban green spaces in highly urbanized areas?\u2014Examples from two fast growing Asian cities","volume":"16","author":"Schetke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.08.007","article-title":"Active use of urban park facilities\u2013Expectations versus reality","volume":"14","author":"Lindberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.07.016","article-title":"Emerging relationships between design and use of urban park spaces","volume":"94","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.12.010","article-title":"Capturing residents\u2019 values for urban green space: Mapping, analysis and guidance for practice","volume":"161","author":"Ives","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.10.024","article-title":"The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Health: A Conceptual Model","volume":"28","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.02.012","article-title":"Urban parks: Visitors\u2019 perceptions versus spatial indicators","volume":"64","author":"Kothencz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.06.008","article-title":"The effects of naturalness, gender, and age on how urban green space is perceived and used","volume":"18","author":"Knez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2018, June 26). United Nations General Assembly Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/content\/documents\/7891Transforming%20Our%20World.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00041","DOI":"10.1002\/geo2.41","article-title":"Using Twitter to investigate seasonal variation in physical activity in urban green space","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geo Geogr. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.02.008","article-title":"Using Twitter data in urban green space research: A case study and critical evaluation","volume":"81","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, H., Sadler, J., and Chapman, L. (2018). The value of Twitter data for determining the emotional responses of people to urban green spaces: A case study and critical evaluation. Urban Stud.","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098017748544"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.07.001","article-title":"Measuring spatial accessibility in the context of spatial disparity between demand and supply of urban park service","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.11.011","article-title":"Accessibility to greenspaces: GIS based indicators for sustainable planning in a dense urban context","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.26471\/cjees\/2018\/013\/003","article-title":"Assessing accessibility of urban green spaces based on isochrone maps and street resolution population data through the example of Zalaegerszeg, Hungary","volume":"13","author":"Szilassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carpath. J. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.072447","article-title":"Contribution of public parks to physical activity","volume":"97","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.079038","article-title":"Morbidity is related to a green living environment","volume":"63","author":"Maas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9179-1","article-title":"Comparing perceived and objectively measured access to recreational facilities as predictors of physical activity in adolescent girls","volume":"84","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urban Heal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.09.007","article-title":"The physical and non-physical factors that influence perceived access to urban parks","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.129064","article-title":"Association of park size, distance, and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks","volume":"98","author":"Kaczynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.06.011","article-title":"Re-conceptualizing accessibility to parks in multi-modal cities: A Variable-width Floating Catchment Area (VFCA) method","volume":"143","author":"Dony","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.06.005","article-title":"Mahavir GIS based analysis for assessing the accessibility at hierarchical levels of urban green spaces","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.06.008","article-title":"Nearby green space and human health: Evaluating accessibility metrics","volume":"157","author":"Ekkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Bauman, A.E., and Bull, F.C. (2007). Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity and Walking in Adults and Children: A Review of Reviews, National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2016.03.003","article-title":"Urban livability across disciplinary and professional boundaries","volume":"5","author":"Kashef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"IMCL (2017, April 19). The Value of Rankings and the Meaning of Livablity. Available online: http:\/\/www.livablecities.org\/blog\/value-rankings-and-meaning-livability."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Lennard, S.H.C., von Ungern-Sternberg, S., and Lennard, H.L. (1997). Seven Aims for the Livable City. Making Cities Livable\u2014Wege zur Menschlichen Stadt, Gondolier Press."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010072010360","article-title":"The Four Qualities of Life","volume":"1","author":"Veenhoven","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, K.H., Lee, K.E., Kendal, D., Rashidi, L., Naghizade, E., Winter, S., and Vasardani, M. (2018, January 23\u201327). The grass is greener on the other side: Understanding the effects of green spaces on Twitter user sentiments. Proceedings of the WWW \u201918 Companion, The Web Conference 2018, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3186337"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2017.02.007","article-title":"Using locative social media and urban cartographies to identify and locate successful urban plazas","volume":"64","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.977905","article-title":"Crowdsourcing urban form and function","volume":"29","author":"Crooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.04.003","article-title":"Urban activity pattern classification using topic models from online geo-location data","volume":"44","author":"Hasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciuccarelli, P., Lupi, G., and Simeone, L. (2014). Visualizing the Data City\u2013Social Media as a Source of Knowledge for Urban Planning and Management, Springer International Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02195-9"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Zhi, Y., Sui, Z., and Liu, Y. (2014). Intra-urban human mobility and activity transition: Evidence from social media check-in data. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097010"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubrecht, C., Ungar, J., and Freire, S. (2011, January 11\u201313). Exploring the potential of volunteered geographic information for modeling spatio-temporal characteristics of urban population: A case study for Lisbon Metro using foursquare check-in data. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Virtual Cities and Territories, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5821\/ctv.7694"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujisaka, T., Lee, R., and Sumiya, K. (2010, January 22\u201323). Exploring urban characteristics using movement history of mass mobile microbloggers. Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems & Applications\u2014HotMobile \u201910, Annapolis, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1734583.1734588"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujisaka, T., Lee, R., and Sumiya, K. (2010, January 14\u201315). Discovery of user behavior patterns from geo-tagged micro-blogs. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication\u2014ICUIMC \u201910, Suwon, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2108616.2108660"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2014.890072","article-title":"Geo-located Twitter as proxy for global mobility patterns","volume":"41","author":"Hawelka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanford, J.I., Huang, Z., Savelyev, A., and MacEachren, A.M. (2015). Geo-located tweets. Enhancing mobility maps and capturing cross-border movement. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129202"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Cranshaw, J., Hong, J.I., and Sadeh, N. (2012, January 4\u20138). The Livehoods Project: Utilizing Social Media to Understand the Dynamics of a City. Proceedings of the Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2015.1089441","article-title":"Geo-temporal Twitter demographics","volume":"30","author":"Longley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.02.020","article-title":"Social media and the city: Rethinking urban socio-spatial inequality using user-generated geographic information","volume":"142","author":"Shelton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., Caverlee, J., and Lee, K. (2010, January 26\u201330). You Are Where You Tweet: A Content-Based Approach to Geo-locating Twitter Users. Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871535"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinsella, S., Murdock, V., and Hare, N.O. (2011, January 28). \u201cI\u2019 m Eating a Sandwich in Glasgow\u201d: Modeling Locations with Tweets. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Search and Mining User-Generated Contents, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2065023.2065039"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birkin, M., Harland, K., and Malleson, N. (2013). The classification of space-time behaviour patterns in a British city from crowd-sourced data. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2013, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39649-6_13"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02625","article-title":"Happiness and the Patterns of Life: A Study of Geolocated Tweets","volume":"3","author":"Frank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, L., Frank, M.R., Harris, K.D., Dodds, P.S., and Danforth, C.M. (2013). The Geography of Happiness: Connecting Twitter Sentiment and Expression, Demographics, and Objective Characteristics of Place. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064417"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Quercia, D., Seaghdha, D.O., and Crowcroft, J. (2012, January 4\u20138). Talk of the City: Our Tweets, Our Community Happiness. Proceedings of the Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quercia, D., Ellis, J., Capra, L., and Crowcroft, J. (2012, January 11\u201315). Tracking \u201cgross community happiness\u201d from tweets. Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work\u2014CSCW \u201912, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145347"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.17645\/up.v1i2.617","article-title":"Citizen-Centric Urban Planning through Extracting Emotion Information from Twitter in an Interdisciplinary Space-Time-Linguistics Algorithm","volume":"1","author":"Resch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.06.003","article-title":"Leveraging geotagged Twitter data to examine neighborhood happiness, diet, and physical activity","volume":"73","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murgante, B., Misra, S., Rocha, A.M.A.C., Torre, C., Rocha, J.G., Falc\u00e3o, M.I., Taniar, D., Apduhan, B.O., and Gervasi, O. (2014). The Geographic Turn in Social Media: Opportunities for Spatial Planning and Geodesign. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2014, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09144-0"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Jekel, T., Car, A., Strobl, J., and Griesebner, G. (2012). From Social Sensor Data to Collective Human Behaviour Patterns\u2014Analysing and Visualising Spatio-Temporal Dynamics in Urban Environments. GI-Forum 2012: Geovisualization, Society and Learning, Wichmann Verlag."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, R., and Sumiya, K. (2010, January 2). Measuring geographical regularities of crowd behaviors for Twitter-based geo-social event detection. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Location Based Social Networks\u2014LBSN \u201910, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1867699.1867701"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., and Kumaraguru, P. (2012, January 17). Credibility ranking of tweets during high impact events. Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Privacy and Security in Online Social Media\u2014PSOSM \u201912, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/2185354.2185356"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Ni, M., He, Q., and Gao, J. (2016). Mining Transportation Information from Social Media for Planned and Unplanned Events, University at Buffalo, SUNY."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Lei, K.H., Khadiwala, R., and Chang, K.C.C. (2012, January 1\u20135). TEDAS: A twitter-based event detection and analysis system. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 28th International Conference on Data Engineering, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2012.125"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Weng, J., Yao, Y., Leonardi, E., and Lee, F. (2011, January 17\u201321). Event Detection in Twitter. Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12122","article-title":"Triangulating Social Multimedia Content for Event Localization using Flickr and Twitter","volume":"19","author":"Panteras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Fraustino, J.D., Liu, B., and Yan, J. (2012). Social Media Use during Disasters: A Review of the Knowledge Base and Gaps, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2017.1356242","article-title":"Combining machine-learning topic models and spatiotemporal analysis of social media data for disaster footprint and damage assessment","volume":"45","author":"Resch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.17645\/up.v3i1.1287","article-title":"#London2012: Towards citizen-contributed urban planning through sentiment analysis of twitter data","volume":"3","author":"Ristea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12191","article-title":"Geo-questionnaire: A Method and Tool for Public Preference Elicitation in Land Use Planning","volume":"20","author":"Jankowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.11.007","article-title":"Methods for identifying land use conflict potential using participatory mapping","volume":"122","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/1464935042000293170","article-title":"Reframing public participation: Strategies for the 21st century","volume":"5","author":"Innes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plan. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.12.012","article-title":"Eliciting non-monetary values of formal and informal urban green spaces using public participation GIS","volume":"160","author":"Czepkiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"307","article-title":"Integrating Geographic Information into Survey Research: Current Applications, Challenges and Future Avenues","volume":"11","author":"Bluemke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). Twitter Developers. Available online: https:\/\/developer.twitter.com\/."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2015.1099658","article-title":"Exploration of spatiotemporal and semantic clusters of Twitter data using unsupervised neural networks","volume":"30","author":"Steiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, M., and Liu, B. (2004, January 22\u201325). Mining and summarizing customer reviews. Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining\u2014KDD \u201904, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1014052.1014073"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breen, J.O. (2012). Mining Twitter for Airline Consumer Sentiment. Practical Text Mining and Statistical Analysis for Non-Structured Text Data Applications, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386979-1.00008-6"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Mohammad, S.M., and Turney, P.D. (2010, January 5). Emotions evoked by common words and phrases: Using mechanical turk to create an emotion lexicon. Proceedings of the CAAGET \u201910 NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x","article-title":"Crowdsourcing a word-emotion association lexicon","volume":"29","author":"Mohammad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Jockers, M. (2018, July 14). Syuzhet: Extracts Sentiment and Sentiment-Derived Plot Arcs from Text (Version 1.0.1). Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/mjockers\/syuzhet."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/0094965031000136012","article-title":"A new partitioning around medoids algorithm","volume":"73","author":"Pollard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Stat. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12297","article-title":"Inferring the home locations of Twitter users based on the spatiotemporal clustering of Twitter data","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, A., Rashidi, T.H., Maghrebi, M., and Waller, S.T. (2015, January 3\u20136). Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods: Bringing Twitter Data into the Play. Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Location-Based Social Networks, Bellevue, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2830657.2830660"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/9\/378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T16:58:18Z","timestamp":1718211498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/9\/378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi7090378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7090378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]]}}}