{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T06:28:37Z","timestamp":1717223317372},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]],"date-time":"2013-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"Energy saving in networks has traditionally focussed on reducing battery consumption through smart wireless network design. Recently, researchers have turned their attention to the energy cost and carbon emissions of the backbone network that both fixed and mobile communications depend on, proposing primarily mechanisms that turn equipments OFF or put them into deep sleep. This is an effective way of saving energy, provided that the nodes can return to working condition quickly, but it introduces increased delays and packet losses that directly affect the quality of communication experienced by the users. Here we investigate the associated tradeoffs between power consumption and quality of service in backbone networks that employ deep sleep energy savings. We examine these tradeoffs by conducting experiments on a real PC-based network topology, where nodes are put into deep sleep at random times and intervals, resulting in a continuously changing network with reduced total power consumption. The average power consumption, the packet loss and the average delay of this network are examined with respect to the average value of the ON rate and the ON\/OFF cycle of the nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi5020268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]],"date-time":"2013-05-24T17:02:03Z","timestamp":1369414923000},"page":"268-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Investigating the Tradeoffs between Power Consumption and Quality of Service in a Backbone Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Georgia","family":"Sakellari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Field, School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering (ACE), University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Morfopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISN Group, Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BT, UK"}]},{"given":"Erol","family":"Gelenbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISN Group, Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BT, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gartner, I. Gartner Estimates ICT Industry Accounts for 2 Percent of Global CO2 Emissions, 2007. Available online: http:\/\/www.gartner.com\/newsroom\/id\/503867."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.5783986","article-title":"Power consumption in telecommunication networks: Overview and reduction strategies","volume":"49","author":"Vereecken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Commun. Mag. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2004.03.009","article-title":"Power-aware ad hoc cognitive packet networks","volume":"2","author":"Gelenbe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxp053","article-title":"The cognitive packet network: A survey","volume":"53","author":"Sakellari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxp080","article-title":"Energy-efficient cloud computing","volume":"53","author":"Berl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakellari, G., and Loukas, G. (2013). A survey of mathematical models, simulation approaches and testbeds used for research in cloud computing. Simul. Modell. Pract. Theory, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2013.04.002"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.062410.00034","article-title":"Energy efficiency in telecom optical networks","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.113010.00106","article-title":"A survey of green networking research","volume":"14","author":"Bianzino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutor. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelenbe, E., and Silvestri, S. (2009, January 14\u201316). Reducing Power Consumption in Wired Networks. Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (ISCIS \u201909), Guzelyurt, Northern Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIS.2009.5291829"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"717","article-title":"Optimisation of Power Consumption in Wired Packet Networks","volume":"Volume 22","author":"Gelenbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International ICST Conference on Heterogeneous Networking for Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness (QSHINE \u201909)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adelin, A., Owezarski, P., and Gayraud, T. (2010, January 24\u201329,). On the Impact of Monitoring Router Energy Consumption for Greening the Internet. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on of the Grid Computing (GRID), Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/GRID.2010.5697988"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cianfrani, A., Eramo, V., Listanti, M., Marazza, M., and Vittorini, E. (2010, January 15\u201319). An Energy Saving Routing Algorithm for a Green OSPF Protocol. Proceedings of the INFOCOM IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2010.5466646"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panarello, C., Lombardo, A., Schembra, G., Chiaraviglio, L., and Mellia, M. (2010, January 13\u201315). Energy Saving and Network Performance: A Trade-off Approach. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking, Passau, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/1791314.1791321"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"19","article-title":"Greening of the Internet","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakellari, G., Morfopoulou, C., Mahmoodi, T., and Gelenbe, E. (2012, January 3\u20135). Using Energy Criteria to Admit Flows in a Wired Network. Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (ISCIS 2012), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4594-3_7"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxq092","article-title":"A framewok for energy aware routing in packet networks","volume":"54","author":"Gelenbe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gelenbe, E., and Mahmoodi, T. (2011, January 22\u201327). Energy-Aware Routing in the Cognitive Packet Network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Grids, Green Communications, and IT Energy-aware Technologies (Energy 2011), Venice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1145\/1538788.1538809","article-title":"Steps towards self-aware networks","volume":"52","author":"Gelenbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chabarek, J., Sommers, J., Barford, P., Estan, C., Tsiang, D., and Wright, S. (2008, January 13\u201318). Power Awareness in Network Design and Routing. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2008, Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.93"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Mahadevan, P., Sharma, P., and Banerjee, S. (2009, January 11\u201315). A Power Benchmarking Framework for Network Devices. Proceedings of IFIP Networking, Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Vasic, N., and Kostic, D. (2008). Energy-Aware Traffic Engineering, Technical Report for \u00c9cole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Nedevschi, S., Popa, L., Iannaccone, G., Ratnasamy, S., and Wetherall, D. (2008, January 16\u201318). Reducing Network Energy Consumption via Sleeping and Rate-Adaptation. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaraviglio, L., Mellia, M., and Neri, F. (2009, January 14\u201318). Reducing Power Consumption in Backbone Networks. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on the Communications, ICC\u201909, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2009.5199404"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaraviglio, L., Mellia, M., and Neri, F. (2009, January 14\u201318). Energy-Aware Backbone Networks: A Case Study. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on the Communications Workshops (ICC 2009), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2009.5208038"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaraviglio, L., Ciullo, D., Leonardi, E., and Mellia, M. (December, January 30). How Much Can The Internet be Greened?. Proceedings of 2009 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2009.5360677"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanso, B., and Mellah, H. (2009, January 25\u201328). On Reliability, Performance and Internet Power Consumption. Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Design of Reliable Communication Networks, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DRCN.2009.5339997"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianzino, A., Chaudet, C., Larroca, F., Rossi, D., and Rougier, J. (2010, January 6\u201310). Energy-Aware Routing: A Reality Check. Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps), Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2010.5700172"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.06.011","article-title":"GRiDA: GReen Distributed Algorithm for energy-efficient IP backbone networks","volume":"56","author":"Bianzino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Telecommun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Specification, Revision 5.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.acpi.info\/spec.htm."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Wattsup. Available online: https:\/\/www.wattsupmeters.com."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Lieberman, P. (2010). Wake-on-LAN technology, Lieberman Software Corporation."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"CESNET2 Network. Available online: http:\/\/www.ces.net\/network\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins, C., and Royer, E. (1999, January 25\u201326). Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing. Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA \u201999), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSA.1999.749281"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/5\/2\/268\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T15:32:35Z","timestamp":1717169555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/5\/2\/268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["fi5020268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi5020268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]]}}}