{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:57:23Z","timestamp":1740149843387,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"The study of the human psyche has elucidated a bipartite structure of logic reflecting the quantum\u2013classical nature of the world. Accordingly, we posited an approach toward studying the brain by means of the quantum\u2013classical dynamics of a mixed Weyl symbol. The mixed Weyl symbol can be used to describe brain processes at the microscopic level and, when averaged over an appropriate ensemble, can provide a link to the results of measurements made at the meso and macro scale. Within this approach, quantum variables (such as, for example, nuclear and electron spins, dipole momenta of particles or molecules, tunneling degrees of freedom, and so on) can be represented by spinors, whereas the electromagnetic fields and phonon modes can be treated either classically or semi-classically in phase space by also considering quantum zero-point fluctuations. Quantum zero-point effects can be incorporated into numerical simulations by controlling the temperature of each field mode via coupling to a dedicated Nos\u00e9\u2013Hoover chain thermostat. The temperature of each thermostat was chosen in order to reproduce quantum statistics in the canonical ensemble. In this first paper, we introduce a general quantum\u2013classical Hamiltonian model that can be tailored to study physical processes at the interface between the quantum and the classical world in the brain. While the approach is discussed in detail, numerical calculations are not reported in the present paper, but they are planned for future work. Our theory of brain dynamics subsumes some compatible aspects of three well-known quantum approaches to brain dynamics, namely the electromagnetic field theory approach, the orchestrated objective reduction theory, and the dissipative quantum model of the brain. All three models are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25040592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T06:30:20Z","timestamp":1680244220000},"page":"592","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Quantum\u2013Classical Model of Brain Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3954-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sergi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina, viale F. Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Systems Science, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3367-0129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Matematica ed Informatica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 34, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carmelo M.","family":"Vicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e degli Studi Culturali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina, Via Concezione 6, 98121 Messina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9488-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Clinica Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina, A.O.U. \u201cG. Martino\u201d, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24040","article-title":"The Search for True Numbers of Neurons and Glial Cells in the Human Brain: A Review of 150 Years of Cell Counting","volume":"524","author":"Bahney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"McIlwain, H., and Bachelard, H.S. (1985). Biochemistry and the Central Nervous System, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"niaa016","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niaa016","article-title":"Integrating information in the brain\u2019s EM field: The cemi field theory of consciousness","volume":"6","author":"McFadden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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