{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T05:31:45Z","timestamp":1675402305517},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022A1515010835"]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["202102080159"]},{"name":"Guangdong Natural Resources Foundation","award":["GDNRC [2022]45"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52076208","22008237"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Special Support Program-Local innovation and entrepreneurship team project","award":["2019BT02L278"]},{"name":"Fundamental Research and Applied Fundamental Research Major Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2019B030302004","2020B0301030003"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"The swelling characteristics of porous media in the offshore natural gas hydrate reservoir have an important effect on the stability of the reservoir. In this work, the physical property and the swelling of porous media in the offshore natural gas hydrate reservoir were measured. The results show that the swelling characteristics of the offshore natural gas hydrate reservoir are influenced by the coupling of the montmorillonite content and the salt ion concentration. The swelling rate of porous media is directly proportionate to water content and the initial porosity, and inversely proportionate to salinity. Compared with water content and salinity, the initial porosity has much obvious influence on the swelling, which the swelling strain of porous media with the initial porosity of 30% is three times more than that of montmorillonite with the initial porosity of 60%. Salt ions mainly affect the swelling of water bound by porous media. Then, the influence mechanism of the swelling characteristics of porous media on the structural characteristics of reservoir was tentatively explored. It can provide a basic date and scientific basis for furthering the mechanical characteristics of the reservoir in the hydrate exploitation in the offshore gas hydrate reservoir.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25020278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T07:57:24Z","timestamp":1675324644000},"page":"278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Swelling Characteristics of the Offshore Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoir"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kefeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaosen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Jingchun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Xuke","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geological controlling factors and scientific challenges for offshore gas hydrate exploitation","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Geol. Qua. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"The evolving of gas hydrate and the exploration foreground in the north of south China sea","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2003","journal-title":"Offshore Oil"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14334","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA01518D","article-title":"Insights into the climate-driven evolution of gas hydrate-bearing permafrost sediments: Implications for prediction of environmental impacts and security of energy in cold regions","volume":"11","author":"Hassanpouryouzband","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24249","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP03086H","article-title":"Development of a coupled geophysical\u2013geothermal scheme for quantification of hydrates in gas hydrate-bearing permafrost sediments","volume":"23","author":"Hassanpouryouzband","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG4003:1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008RG000279","article-title":"Physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments","volume":"47","author":"Waite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"121","article-title":"Formation of permafrost and its influence on natural gas hydrate accumulation in Muli Region, Qinghai Province","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coal Geol. Explor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b03143","article-title":"Key Findings of the World\u2019s First Offshore Methane Hydrate Production Test off the Coast of Japan: Toward Future Commercial Production","volume":"31","author":"Konno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2019.104191","article-title":"Geological and geophysical features of and controls on occurrence and accumulation of gas hydrates in the first offshore gas-hydrate production test region in the Shenhu area, Northern South China Sea","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Petrol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2014.06.026","article-title":"Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01","volume":"54","author":"Schanz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2014.01.001","article-title":"Swelling characteristics of Gaomiaozi bentonite and its prediction","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2014.09.006","article-title":"Role of osmotic suction in volume change of clays in salt solution","volume":"101","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114479","article-title":"Effect of methane hydrate dissociation and reformation on the permeability of clayey sediments","volume":"261","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.09.053","article-title":"Experimental study on the effect of methane hydrate decomposition on gas phase permeability of clayey sediments","volume":"230","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103634","article-title":"Changes in relative permeability curves for natural gas hydrate decomposition due to particle migration","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.06.062","article-title":"Methane hydrate decomposition and sediment deformation in unconfined sediment with different types of concentrated hydrate accumulations by innovative experimental system","volume":"226","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhan, L., Feng, J.C., and Li, X.S. (2019). Influence of the Particle Size of Sandy Sediments on Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics during Methane Hydrate Dissociation by Thermal Stimulation. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12224227"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450074","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218625X14500747","article-title":"Surface fractal dimension of bentonite and its application in calculation of swelling deformation","volume":"21","author":"Xiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2018.10.013","article-title":"Lithological characteristics and hydrocarbon gas sources of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the Shenhu area, South China Sea: Implications from the W01B and W02B sites","volume":"408","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103626","article-title":"Gas permeability and shape factor of natural sediments in the South China Sea","volume":"83","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-1317(02)00159-X","article-title":"Swelling characteristics of fractal-textured bentonite and its mixtures","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2957-z","article-title":"Experimental research on expansion characteristics of Mengzi expansive soil with water, salt and acid immersion","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1979","article-title":"Hydraulic mechanism and swelling deformation theory of expansive soils","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2021.111323","article-title":"Molecular simulation study of methane hydrate formation mechanism in NaCl solutions with different concentrations","volume":"551","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125126","article-title":"Experimental measurement and thermodynamic modeling of methane hydrate phase equilibria in the presence of chloride salts","volume":"395","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s42860-019-00014-3","article-title":"Prediction of swelling characteristics of compacted GMZ bentonite in salt solution incorporating ion-exchange reactions","volume":"67","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clay Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.11.014","article-title":"Porosity, permeability, and grain size of sediment cores from gas-hydrate-bearing sites and their implication for. overpressure in shallow argillaceous formations: Results from the national gas hydrate program expedition 02, Krishna-Godavari Basin, India","volume":"108","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Petrol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1306\/10151818125","article-title":"Salt-driven evolution of a gas hydrate reservoir in Green Canyon, Gulf of Mexico","volume":"104","author":"Portnov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aapg. Bull."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.114619","article-title":"Reservoir formation damage during hydrate dissociation in sand-clay sediment from Qilian Mountain permafrost, China","volume":"263","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/2\/278\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T08:30:53Z","timestamp":1675326653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/2\/278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["e25020278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25020278","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]}}}