{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:56:22Z","timestamp":1740149782406,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EMPIR programme co-financed by the participating states (VINNOVA, the Swedish innovation agency in the present case)"},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"Metrological methods for word learning list tests can be developed with an information theoretical approach extending earlier simple syntax studies. A classic Brillouin entropy expression is applied to the analysis of the Rey\u2019s Auditory Verbal Learning Test RAVLT (immediate recall), where more ordered tasks\u2014with less entropy\u2014are easier to perform. The findings from three case studies are described, including 225 assessments of the NeuroMET2 cohort of persons spanning a cognitive spectrum from healthy older adults to patients with dementia. In the first study, ordinality in the raw scores is compensated for, and item and person attributes are separated with the Rasch model. In the second, the RAVLT IR task difficulty, including serial position effects (SPE), particularly Primacy and Recency, is adequately explained (Pearson\u2019s correlation R=0.80) with construct specification equations (CSE). The third study suggests multidimensionality is introduced by SPE, as revealed through goodness-of-fit statistics of the Rasch analyses. Loading factors common to two kinds of principal component analyses (PCA) for CSE formulation and goodness-of-fit logistic regressions are identified. More consistent ways of defining and analysing memory task difficulties, including SPE, can maintain the unique metrological properties of the Rasch model and improve the estimates and understanding of a person\u2019s memory abilities on the path towards better-targeted and more fit-for-purpose diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24070934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T14:21:33Z","timestamp":1657030893000},"page":"934","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Role of Entropy in Construct Specification Equations (CSE) to Improve the Validity of Memory Tests: Extension to Word Lists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3700-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette","family":"Melin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Measurement Science and Technology, Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), AWL Sven Hultins Plats 5, v\u00e5n 4, 412 58 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9390-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modus Outcomes, Spirella Building, Letchworth Garden City SG6 4ET, UK"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Fl\u00f6el","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Standort Rostock\/Greifswald, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6592-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"G\u00f6schel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4349-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Pendrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Measurement Science and Technology, Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), AWL Sven Hultins Plats 5, v\u00e5n 4, 412 58 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000620","article-title":"Serial Position Effects on List Learning Tasks in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"Weitzner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045106","article-title":"The Serial Position Effect of Free Recall","volume":"64","author":"Murdock","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. 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