{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:56:02Z","timestamp":1740149762610,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"In order to extract efficient power generation, a wind turbine (WT) system requires an accurate maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. Therefore, a novel robust variable-step perturb-and-observe (RVS-P&O) algorithm was developed for the machine-side converter (MSC). The control strategy was applied on a WT based permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) to overcome the downsides of the currently published P&O MPPT methods. Particularly, two main points were involved. Firstly, a systematic step-size selection on the basis of power and speed measurement normalization was proposed; secondly, to obtain acceptable robustness for high and long wind-speed variations, a new correction to calculate the power variation was carried out. The grid-side converter (GSC) was controlled using a second-order sliding mode controller (SOSMC) with an adaptive-gain super-twisting algorithm (STA) to realize the high-quality seamless setting of power injected into the grid, a satisfactory power factor correction, a high harmonic performance of the AC source, and removal of the chatter effect compared to the traditional first-order sliding mode controller (FOSMC). Simulation results showed the superiority of the suggested RVS-P&O over the competing based P&O techniques. The RVS-P&O offered the WT an efficiency of 99.35%, which was an increase of 3.82% over the variable-step P&O algorithm. Indeed, the settling time was remarkably enhanced; it was 0.00794 s, which was better than for LS-P&O (0.0841 s), SS-P&O (0.1617 s), and VS-P&O (0.2224 s). Therefore, in terms of energy efficiency, as well as transient and steady-state response performances under various operating conditions, the RVS-P&O algorithm could be an accurate candidate for MPP online operation tracking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24050731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T17:56:12Z","timestamp":1653069372000},"page":"731","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Robust Variable-Step Perturb-and-Observe Sliding Mode Controller for Grid-Connected Wind-Energy-Conversion Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3205-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilham","family":"Toumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of New Technologies of Computing and Communication, University of Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Billel","family":"Meghni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algeria LSEM Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University Badji Mokhtar, Annaba 23000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1380-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oussama","family":"Hachana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drilling and Rig Mechanics, Faculty of Hydrocarbons, Renewable Energies and Earth and Universe Sciences, University of Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Taher","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Boulmaiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba 23000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Amjad J.","family":"Humaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control and Systems Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7009-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibraheem Kasim","family":"Ibraheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Dijlah University College, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"}]},{"given":"Nashwa Ahmad","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8173-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanmin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Design and Mathematics, Frenchy Campus Coldharbour Lane, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5104-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0221-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naglaa K.","family":"Bahgaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Canadian International College (CIC), Shiekh Zayed City, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2019.106492","article-title":"Control and study of a real wind turbine","volume":"80","author":"Dahbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. 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