{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T02:10:02Z","timestamp":1716948602857},"reference-count":280,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,18]],"date-time":"2009-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1253232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"The origin of life has previously been modeled by biological heat engines driven by thermal cycling, caused by suspension in convecting water. Here more complex heat engines are invoked to explain the origin of animals in the thermal gradient above a submarine hydrothermal vent. Thermal cycling by a filamentous protein \u2018thermotether\u2019 was the result of a temperature-gradient induced relaxation oscillation not impeded by the low Reynolds number of a small scale. During evolution a \u2018flagellar proton pump\u2019 emerged that resembled Feynman\u2019s ratchet and that turned into today\u2019s bacterial flagellar motor. An emerged \u2018flagellar computer\u2019 functioning as Turing machine implemented chemotaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e11030463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,21]],"date-time":"2009-09-21T12:23:52Z","timestamp":1253535832000},"page":"463-512","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Emergence of Animals from Heat Engines \u2013 Part 1. Before the Snowball Earths"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anthonie W. 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