{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T04:31:26Z","timestamp":1722313886034},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"The present study evaluated a newly developed computational tool (CT) to assess the alveolar bone space and the alveolar crest angle and compares it to dentist assessment (GT). The novel tool consisted of a set of processes initiated with image enhancement, points localization, and angle and area calculations. In total, we analyzed 148 sites in 39 radiographic images, and among these, 42 sites were selected and divided into two groups of non-periodontitis and periodontitis. The alveolar space area (ASA) and alveolar crest angle (ACA) were estimated. The agreement between the computer software and the ground truth was analyzed using the Bland\u2013Altman plot. The sensitivity and specificity of the computer tool were measured using the ROC curve. The Bland\u2013Altman plot showed an agreement between the ground truth and the computational tool in all of the parameters assessed. The ROC curve showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for 12.67 mm of the alveolar space area. The maximum percentage of sensitivity and specificity were 80.95% for 13.63 degrees of the alveolar crest angle. Computer tool assessment provides accurate disease severity and treatment monitoring for evaluating the alveolar space area (ASA) and the alveolar crest angle (ACA).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation10010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T04:17:07Z","timestamp":1642047427000},"page":"8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a Computational Tool for the Estimation of Alveolar Bone Loss in Oral Radiographic Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4550-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Maithri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"given":"Dhanush G.","family":"Ballal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santhosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Science, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1124-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.","family":"Raghavendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation & Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"given":"Anjan","family":"Gudigar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation & Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Yee","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging, Universiti Malaya Research Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shravya","family":"Macherla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Science, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"given":"Ravindranath","family":"Vineetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Science, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5500-8865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratibha","family":"Gopalkrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Science, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Ciaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U. Rajendra","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, SUSS University, Singapore 599494, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080158","article-title":"Stability of treated angular and horizontal bony defects: A retrospective radiographic evaluation in a private periodontal practice","volume":"80","author":"Greenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Ercole, S., D\u2019Addazio, G., Di Lodovico, S., Traini, T., Di Giulio, M., and Sinjari, B. (2020). Porphyromonas Gingivalis Load is Balanced by 0.20% Chlorhexidine Gel. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Microbiological and Immunohistochemical Human Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010284"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2008.01111.x","article-title":"Validation of a dental image analyzer tool to measure alveolar bone loss in periodontitis patients","volume":"44","author":"Teeuw","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P.-L., Hsu, H., Huang, P.-Y., Huang, P.-W., and Chen, P. (2014, January 11\u201314). Alveolar bone-loss area localization in periapical radiographs by texture analysis based on fBm model and GLC matrix. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Bioelectronics and Bioinformatics (IEEE ISBB 2014), Chung Li, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBB.2014.6820947"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01483.x","article-title":"Validation of a dental image-analyzer tool to measure the radiographic defect angle of the intrabony defect in periodontitis patients","volume":"47","author":"Moutinho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.06.012","article-title":"Automatic methods for alveolar bone loss degree measurement in periodontitis periapical radiographs","volume":"148","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2494","article-title":"Multimodal-3D imaging based on \u03bcMRI and \u03bcCT techniques bridges the gap with histology in visualization of the bone regeneration process","volume":"12","author":"Sinibaldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Reg. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44839-3","article-title":"Deep Learning for the Radiographic Detection of Periodontal Bone Loss","volume":"9","author":"Krois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2018.48.2.114","article-title":"Diagnosis and prediction of periodontally compromised teeth using a deep learning-based convolutional neural network algorithm","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Implant Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep learning hybrid method to automatically diagnose periodontal bone loss and stage periodontitis","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Woods, R.E., Eddins, S.L., and Gonzalez, R.C. (2009). Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB, Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"859","article-title":"Is radiologic assessment of alveolar crest height useful to monitor periodontal disease activity?","volume":"59","author":"Zaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Clin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, J., Zheng, X., and Zhang, Y. (2010, January 26\u201328). A Teeth Identification Method Based on Fuzzy Recognition. Proceedings of the 2010 Second International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IHMSC.2010.74"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Sherif, N., Guo, G., and Ammar, H.H. (2012, January 10\u201312). A new approach to teeth segmentation. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, Irvine, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM.2012.35"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2709406","article-title":"Tooth and alveolar bone segmentation from dental computed tomography images","volume":"22","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Winter, G.B. (1926). Ch. 7: Radiographic interpretation of the Ossistructure of the impacted mandibular third molar. Principles of Exodontia as Applied to the Impacted Mandibular Third Molar: A Complete Treatise on the Operative Technic with Clinical Diagnoses and Radiographic Interpretations, American medical Book Company."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Heckbert, P.S. (1994). Chapter 5. Contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization. Graphics Gems, Academic Press Professional Inc.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(87)80186-X","article-title":"Adaptive histogram equalization and its variations","volume":"39","author":"Pizer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2020, January 25). The Jamovi Project. Jamovi. (Version 2.0) [Computer Software]. Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Thiele, C. (2020, January 25). cutpointr: Determine and Evaluate Optimal Cutpoints in Binary Classification Tasks. [R package]. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=cutpointr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, T.-T., Lee, P.-L., Pham, V.-T., and Shyu, K.-K. (2008, January 17\u201320). MRI image segmentation based on fast global minimization of snake model. Proceedings of the 2008 10th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, Hanoi, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2008.4795795"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133570","article-title":"Snakes: Active Contour Models","volume":"1","author":"Kass","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.08.012","article-title":"Intraoral radiographs texture analysis for dental implant planning","volume":"136","author":"Mundim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Methods. Programs. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1989.tb00884.x","article-title":"A reliable computerized method to determine the level of the radiographic alveolar crest","volume":"24","author":"Hausmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1991.62.9.570","article-title":"What alveolar crest level on a bite-wing radiograph represents bone loss?","volume":"62","author":"Hausmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2015.05.004","article-title":"Alveolar bone-loss area localization in periodontitis radiographs based on threshold segmentation with a hybrid feature fused of intensity and the H-value of fractional Brownian motion model","volume":"121","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0076","article-title":"Comparison of direct digital and conventional intraoral radiographs in detecting alveolar bone loss","volume":"134","author":"Khocht","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90406-1","article-title":"Validity of radiographic measurement of interproximal bone loss","volume":"85","author":"Eickholz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, J.-Y., Yoon, H.-I., Yeo, I.-S., Huh, K.-H., and Han, J.-S. (2021). Peri-Implant Bone Loss Measurement Using a Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network on Dental Periapical Radiographs. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10051009"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4103\/IJDS.IJDS_28_19","article-title":"Comparison of conventional and digital radiographic techniques for the assessment of alveolar bone in periodontal disease","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"35","article-title":"Correlation of interdental and inter-radicular bone loss\u2014Radiographic assessment","volume":"2","author":"Desai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"29","article-title":"A Survey on the Accuracy of Radiovisiography in the Assessment of Interproximal Intrabony Defects","volume":"2","author":"Talaiepour","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Dent."}],"container-title":["Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/10\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T12:47:28Z","timestamp":1721825248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/10\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["computation10010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computation10010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]}}}