{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T01:56:53Z","timestamp":1691027813902},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"In this work we demonstrate how to automate parts of the infectious disease-control policy-making process via performing inference in existing epidemiological models. The kind of inference tasks undertaken include computing the posterior distribution over controllable, via direct policy-making choices, simulation model parameters that give rise to acceptable disease progression outcomes. Among other things, we illustrate the use of a probabilistic programming language that automates inference in existing simulators. Neither the full capabilities of this tool for automating inference nor its utility for planning is widely disseminated at the current time. Timely gains in understanding about how such simulation-based models and inference automation tools applied in support of policy-making could lead to less economically damaging policy prescriptions, particularly during the current COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.550603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T15:57:48Z","timestamp":1648742268000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Planning as Inference in Epidemiological Dynamics Models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Warrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Naderiparizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Weilbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vaden","family":"Masrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"William","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adam","family":"\u015acibior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Boyan","family":"Beronov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John","family":"Grefenstette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. Ali","family":"Nasseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"440","article-title":"The Influence of Reward on the Speed of Reinforcement Learning: An Analysis of Shaping","author":"Adam","year":"2003"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.11.20022186","article-title":"Data-based Analysis, Modeling and Forecasting of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Outbreak","author":"Anastassopoulou","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fty059","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty059","article-title":"Implementation and Applications of EMOD, An Individual-Based Multi-Disease Modeling Platform","volume":"76","author":"Anna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.21.20040022","article-title":"A Mathematical Model for the Spatiotemporal Epidemic Spreading of COVID19","author":"Arenas","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.08.022","article-title":"Developing Agent-Based Models of Complex Health Behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Badham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Efficient Probabilistic Inference in the Quest for Physics Beyond the Standard Model","author":"Baydin","year":"2018"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Etalumis: Bringing Probabilistic Programming to Scientific Simulators at Scale","author":"Baydin","year":"2019"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Reinforcement Learning and Optimal Control","author":"Bertsekas","year":"2019"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.13.20035386","article-title":"Multi-city Modeling of Epidemics Using Spatial Networks: Application to 2019-nCov (COVID-19) Coronavirus in India","author":"Bhalchandra","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop","year":"2006"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/23737867.2018.1509026","article-title":"An Introduction to Compartmental Modeling for the Budding Infectious Disease Modeler","volume":"5","author":"Blackwood","year":"","journal-title":"Lett. Biomathematics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.30707\/lib5.1blackwood","article-title":"An Introduction to Compartmental Modeling for the Budding Infectious Disease Modeler","volume":"5","author":"Blackwood","year":"","journal-title":"Lett. Biomathematics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020571","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Novel Coronavirus Covid-19 Outbreaks Outside China","volume":"9","author":"Boldog","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jcm"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.19.20039388","article-title":"Chinese and Italian COVID-19 Outbreaks Can Be Correctly Described by a Modified SIRD Model","author":"Caccavo","year":"2020"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Model Predictive Control","author":"Camacho","year":"2013"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i01","article-title":"Stan: A Probabilistic Programming Language","volume":"76","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.100367","article-title":"Contemporary Statistical Inference for Infectious Disease Models Using Stan","volume":"29","author":"Chatzilena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Impact of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID-19 Mortality and Healthcare Demand","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.100383","article-title":"Choices and Trade-Offs in Inference with Infectious Disease Models","volume":"30","author":"Funk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(89)90002-2","article-title":"Model Predictive Control: Theory and Practice-A Survey","volume":"25","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"1989","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b16018","volume-title":"Bayesian Data Analysis","author":"Gelman","year":"2013"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.100348","article-title":"School Dismissal as a Pandemic Influenza Response: When, Where and for How Long","volume":"28","author":"Germann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14541","article-title":"Probabilistic Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence","volume":"521","author":"Ghahramani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"The Design and Implementation of Probabilistic Programming Languages","author":"Goodman","year":"2014"},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"The Design and Implementation of Probabilistic Programming Languages\n GoodmanN. D.\n Stuhlm\u00fcllerA.\n 2014"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Hijacking Malaria Simulators with Probabilistic Programming\n Gram-HansenB.\n Schr\u00f6der de WittC.\n RainforthT.\n TorrP. H. S.\n TehY. W.\n BaydinA. G.\n 2019"},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Linear Robust Control","author":"Green","year":"2012"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-940","article-title":"FRED (A Framework for Reconstructing Epidemic Dynamics): An Open-Source Software System for Modeling Infectious Diseases and Control Strategies Using Census-Based Populations","volume":"13","author":"Grefenstette","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.2.60","article-title":"Robust Control and Model Uncertainty","volume":"91","author":"Hansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Modeling COVID-19 Spread vs Healthcare Capacity\n HillA.\n LevyM.\n XieS.\n SheenJ.\n ShinnickJ.\n GheorgheA.\n 2020"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208775","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208775","article-title":"An Open-Data-Driven Agent-Based Model to Simulate Infectious Disease Outbreaks","volume":"13","author":"Hunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.18564\/jasss.3414","article-title":"A Taxonomy for Agent-Based Models in Human Infectious Disease Epidemiology","volume":"20","author":"Hunter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jasss"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/CACSD.2010.5612665","article-title":"Receding Horizon Control","volume":"31","author":"Jacob","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Control. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.18.20038570","article-title":"Extended SIR Prediction of the Epidemics Trend of COVID-19 in Italy and Compared with Hunan, China","author":"Jia","year":"2020"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.301","article-title":"Reinforcement Learning: A Survey","volume":"4","author":"Kaelbling","year":"1996","journal-title":"jair"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-012-5278-7","article-title":"Optimal Control as a Graphical Model Inference Problem","volume":"87","author":"Kappen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mach Learn."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"4","article-title":"The Curse of Dimensionality","author":"K\u00f6ppen","year":"2000"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2284-2","article-title":"Is Population Structure Sufficient to Generate Area-Level Inequalities in Influenza Rates? an Examination Using Agent-Based Models","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301269","article-title":"Policies to Reduce Influenza in the Workplace: Impact Assessments Using an Agent-Based Model","volume":"103","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177459","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177459","article-title":"Singularity: Scientific containers for mobility of compute","volume":"12","author":"Kurtzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2016.07.001","article-title":"A Tutorial Introduction to Bayesian Inference for Stochastic Epidemic Models Using Approximate Bayesian Computation","volume":"287","author":"Kypraios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Math. biosciences"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7326\/m20-0504","article-title":"The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application","volume":"172","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Revisiting Reweighted Wake-Sleep for Models with Stochastic Control Flow","author":"Le","year":"2019"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Inference Compilation and Universal Probabilistic Programming","author":"Le","year":"2017"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0778","article-title":"The Benefits to All of Ensuring Equal and Timely Access to Influenza Vaccines in Poor Communities","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","article-title":"Simulating School Closure Strategies to Mitigate an Influenza Epidemic","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Public Health Manag. Pract. JPHMP"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2006.00609.x","article-title":"Statistical Inference in a Stochastic Epidemic SEIR Model with Control Intervention: Ebola as a Case Study","volume":"62","author":"Lekone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-016-0078-4","article-title":"Trends in the Mechanistic and Dynamic Modeling of Infectious Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Lessler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"Reinforcement Learning and Control as Probabilistic Inference: Tutorial and Review","author":"Levine","year":"2018"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118122631","volume-title":"Optimal Control","author":"Lewis","year":"2012"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1766-6","article-title":"The Role of Vaccination Coverage, Individual Behaviors, and the Public Health Response in the Control of Measles Epidemics: An Agent-Based Simulation for california","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.18.20038224","article-title":"Assessing the Global Tendency of COVID-19 Outbreak","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.09.20033498","article-title":"Modeling the Situation of COVID-19 and Effects of Different Containment Strategies in China with Dynamic Differential Equations and Parameters Estimation","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"B54","unstructured":"Predicting the Cumulative Number of Cases for the COVID-19 Epidemic in China from Early Data\n LiuZ.\n MagalP.\n SeydiO.\n WebbG.\n 2020"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.17.20037309","article-title":"Machine Learning the Phenomenology of COVID-19 from Early Infection Dynamics","author":"Magdon-Ismail","year":"2020"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"106","article-title":"Mathematical Modeling and Simulation Study of SEIR Disease and Data Fitting of Ebola Epidemic Spreading in West Africa","volume":"2","author":"Mamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Multidisciplinary Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.16.20036939","article-title":"COVID-19: Forecasting Short Term Hospital Needs in France","author":"Massonnaud","year":"2020"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1214\/17-STS618","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian Computation and Simulation-Based Inference for Complex Stochastic Epidemic Models","volume":"33","author":"McKinley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.100368","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian Computation for Infectious Disease Modeling","volume":"29","author":"Minter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B59","unstructured":"Model-based Reinforcement Learning: A survey\n MoerlandT. M.\n BroekensJ.\n JonkerC. M.\n 2021"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/s0098-1354(98)00301-9","article-title":"Model Predictive Control: Past, Present and Future","volume":"23","author":"Morari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B61","article-title":"Deep Probabilistic Surrogate Networks for Universal Simulator Approximation","author":"Munk","year":"2020"},{"key":"B62","unstructured":"Bayesian State-Space Modeling on High-Performance Hardware Using LibBi136\n MurrayL. M.\n 10.18637\/jss.v067.i10J. Stat. Soft.672015"},{"key":"B63","volume-title":"Amortized Rejection Sampling in Universal Probabilistic Programming","author":"Naderiparizi","year":"2019"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"700","article-title":"A Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics","volume":"115","author":"Ogilvy Kermack","year":"1927","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, Containing Pap. a Math. Phys. character"},{"key":"B65","volume-title":"Monte Carlo Theory, Methods and Examples","author":"Owen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"3410","article-title":"Asynchronous Anytime Sequential Monte Carlo","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Paige","year":"2014"},{"key":"B67","article-title":"Inference Networks for Sequential Monte Carlo in Graphical Models","author":"Paige","year":"2016"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2043635.2043637","article-title":"A Distributed Platform for Global-Scale Agent-Based Models of Disease Transmission","volume":"22","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"B69","volume-title":"Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference","author":"Pearl","year":"2000"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.16.20023465","volume-title":"Epidemic Analysis of COVID-19 in China by Dynamical Modeling","author":"Peng","year":"2020"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-977","article-title":"School Closure as an Influenza Mitigation Strategy: How Variations in Legal Authority and Plan Criteria Can Alter the Impact","volume":"12","author":"Potter","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"B72","volume-title":"Multi-city Modeling of Epidemics Using Spatial Networks: Application to 2019-nCov (COVID-19) Coronavirus in India","author":"Pujari","year":"2020"},{"key":"B73","unstructured":"On Nesting Monte Carlo Estimators42674276\n RainforthT.\n CornishR.\n YangH.\n WarringtonA.\n WoodF.\n Stockholmsm\u00e4ssanPMLRInternational Conference on Machine Learning2018"},{"key":"B74","article-title":"Interacting Particle Markov Chain Monte Carlo","author":"Rainforth","year":"2016"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/37.845037","article-title":"Tutorial Overview of Model Predictive Control","volume":"20","author":"Rawlings","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Control Syst. Mag."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058","article-title":"Pattern of Early Human-To-Human Transmission of Wuhan 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020","volume":"25","author":"Riou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2014.09.006","article-title":"Nine Challenges for Deterministic Epidemic Models","volume":"10","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B78","volume-title":"Modeling the Epidemiological Trend and Behavior of COVID-19 in Italy","author":"Rovetta","year":"2020"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240649","article-title":"Tracing Day-Zero and Forecasting the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: A Compartmental Modeling and Numerical Optimization Approach","volume":"15","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.07.20021154","volume-title":"The Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, Is Highly Contagious and More Infectious than Initially Estimated","author":"Sanche","year":"2020"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2017.04.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of Personal Protective Measures in Reducing Pandemic Influenza Transmission: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Saunders-Hastings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-015-1834-4","article-title":"Optimal Control in Epidemiology","volume":"251","author":"Sharomi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Operations Res."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Semantics for Probabilistic Programming: Higher-Order Functions, Continuous Distributions, and Soft Constraints","author":"Staton","year":"2016"},{"key":"B85","volume-title":"Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction","author":"Sutton","year":"2018"},{"key":"B86","article-title":"Reinforcement Learning","volume-title":"The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science","author":"Sutton","year":"1992"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.18.20038612","article-title":"Predicting the Evolution of COVID-19 in Portugal Using an Adapted SIR Model Previously Used in South Korea for the MERS Outbreak","author":"Teles","year":"2020"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"4286","article-title":"General Duality Between Optimal Control and Estimation","author":"Todorov","year":"2008"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23525-7_19","article-title":"Output-Sensitive Adaptive Metropolis-Hastings for Probabilistic Programs","author":"Tolpin","year":"2015","journal-title":"ECML PKDD"},{"key":"B90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and Implementation of Probabilistic Programming Language Anglican","author":"Tolpin","year":"2016"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0172","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian Computation Scheme for Parameter Inference and Model Selection in Dynamical Systems","volume":"6","author":"Toni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interf."},{"key":"B92","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Robot Trajectory Optimization Using Approximate Inference","author":"Toussaint","year":"2009"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-014317","article-title":"Agent-based Modeling in Public Health: Current Applications and Future Directions","volume":"39","author":"Tracy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.14.20034884","article-title":"Modeling the Epidemic 2019-nCoV Event in Italy: A Preliminary Note","author":"Traini","year":"2020"},{"key":"B96","article-title":"Particle Gibbs with Ancestor Sampling for Probabilistic Programs","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Statistics","author":"van de Meent","year":"2015"},{"key":"B97","volume-title":"An Introduction to Probabilistic Programming","author":"van de Meent","year":"2018"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-8176-8086-2","volume-title":"Optimal Control","author":"Vinter","year":"2010"},{"key":"B99","first-page":"11013","article-title":"Robust Asymmetric Learning in POMDPs","author":"Warrington","year":"2021"},{"key":"B100","article-title":"Coping with Simulators that Don\u2019t Always Return","author":"Warrington","year":"2020"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020174","article-title":"Appropriate Models for the Management of Infectious Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Wearing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plos Med."},{"key":"B102","unstructured":"Trend Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic in China and the Rest of the World\n WeberA.\n IanelliF.\n GoncalvesS.\n 2020"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.22.20035246","article-title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Shenzhen, the Largest Migrant City of China","author":"Wen","year":"2020"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3768\/rtipress.2009.mr.0010.0905","article-title":"Synthesized Population Databases: A Us Geospatial Database for Agent-Based Models","volume":"2009","author":"Wheaton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Report (RTI Press."},{"key":"B105","first-page":"770","article-title":"Lightweight Implementations of Probabilistic Programming Languages via Transformational Compilation","author":"Wingate","year":"2011"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.05.20030502","article-title":"Clinical Presentation and Virological Assessment of Hospitalized Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Travel-Associated Transmission Cluster","author":"W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020"},{"key":"B107","first-page":"1024","article-title":"A New Approach to Probabilistic Programming Inference","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Statistics","author":"Wood","year":"2014"},{"key":"B112","article-title":"Planning As Inference In Epidemiological Models","author":"Wood","year":"2020"},{"key":"B108","unstructured":"Hospital Beds Per Capita in the united states2020"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B110","volume-title":"Essentials of Robust Control","author":"Zhou","year":"1998"},{"key":"B111","article-title":"A Low-Level First Order Probabilistic Programming Language for Non-differentiable Models","author":"Zhou","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2021.550603\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T15:58:27Z","timestamp":1648742307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2021.550603\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frai.2021.550603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2021.550603","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8212","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}}}