{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T15:10:54Z","timestamp":1740150654211,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91420201","61332007","61621136008","61620106010"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2017.00100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T00:25:25Z","timestamp":1509323125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Deep Learning Predicts Correlation between a Functional Signature of Higher Visual Areas and Sparse Firing of Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chengxu","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Yamins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.013","article-title":"Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons linearly transform cortical responses to visual stimuli","volume":"73","author":"Atallah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.3.295","article-title":"Unsupervised learning","volume":"1","author":"Barlow","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00121-1","article-title":"The independent components of natural scenes are edge filters","volume":"37","author":"Bell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003963","article-title":"Deep neural networks rival the representation of primate IT cortex for core visual object recognition","volume":"10","author":"Cadieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01265.2006","article-title":"A model of V4 shape selectivity and invariance","volume":"98","author":"Cadieu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.01.013","article-title":"A sparse object coding scheme in area V4","volume":"21","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2011.2134090","article-title":"Context-dependent pre-trained deep neural networks for large-vocabulary speech recognition","volume":"20","author":"Dahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"volume-title":"Theoretical Neuroscience","year":"2001","author":"Dayan","key":"B8"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024182228103","article-title":"Cortical heterogeneity: implications for visual processing and polysensory integration","volume":"31","author":"Elston","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/8.3.278","article-title":"Morphological variation of layer III pyramidal neurones in the occipitotemporal pathway of the macaque monkey visual cortex","volume":"8","author":"Elston","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/33402","article-title":"A cortical representation of the local visual environment","volume":"392","author":"Epstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3402","article-title":"A functional and perceptual signature of the second visual area in primates","volume":"16","author":"Freeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344251","article-title":"Neocognitron: a self organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position","volume":"36","author":"Fukushima","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/72140","article-title":"Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition","volume":"3","author":"Gauthier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3476","article-title":"Top-down influences on visual processing","volume":"14","author":"Gilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1198\/000313007X188252","article-title":"Estimators of relative importance in linear regression based on variance decomposition","volume":"61","author":"Gromping","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-05-j0001.2000","article-title":"Selectivity for complex shapes in primate visual area V2","volume":"20","author":"Hegde","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Untersuchungen zu Dynamischen Neuronalen Netzen","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1991"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10412","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5152-14.2015","article-title":"A hierarchical statistical model of natural images explains tuning properties in V2","volume":"35","author":"Hosoya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060016","article-title":"Sparse representation of sounds in the unanesthetized auditory cortex","volume":"6","author":"Hromadka","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081813","article-title":"Sparsity-regularized HMAX for visual recognition","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","article-title":"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex","volume":"160","author":"Hubel","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008455","article-title":"Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex","volume":"195","author":"Hubel","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Batch normalization: accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Ioffe","year":"2015"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4364-03.2004","article-title":"Representation of angles embedded within contour stimuli in area V2 of macaque monkeys","volume":"24","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997","article-title":"The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception","volume":"17","author":"Kanwisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003915","article-title":"Deep supervised, but not unsupervised, models may explain IT cortical representation","volume":"10","author":"Khaligh-Razavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.151","article-title":"A sparse texture representation using local affine regions","volume":"27","author":"Lazebnik","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.4.541","article-title":"Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition","volume":"1","author":"LeCun","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","article-title":"Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition","volume":"86","author":"LeCun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1907","article-title":"Dynamics of subjective contour formation in the early visual cortex","volume":"98","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2016.00094","article-title":"Toward an integration of deep learning and neuroscience","volume":"10","author":"Marblestone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"volume-title":"Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information","year":"1983","author":"Marr","key":"B35"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"470","article-title":"From understanding computation to understanding neural circuitry","volume":"15","author":"Marr","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236","article-title":"Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning","volume":"518","author":"Mnih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415146112","article-title":"Image statistics underlying natural texture selectivity of neurons in macaque V4","volume":"112","author":"Okazawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/381607a0","article-title":"Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images","volume":"381","author":"Olshausen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00169-7","article-title":"Sparse coding with an overcomplete basis set: a strategy employed by V1?","volume":"37","author":"Olshausen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01749.1989","article-title":"Mechanisms of contour perception in monkey visual-cortex.2. Contours bridging gaps","volume":"9","author":"Peterhans","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026553619983","article-title":"A parametric texture model based on joint statistics of complex wavelet coefficients","volume":"40","author":"Portilla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/14819","article-title":"Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex","volume":"2","author":"Riesenhuber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0816-y","article-title":"ImageNet large scale visual recognition challenge","volume":"115","author":"Russakovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.254","article-title":"Object recognition with features inspired by visual cortex","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"Serre","year":"2005"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16961","article-title":"Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search","volume":"529","author":"Silver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Simonyan","year":"2015"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Sutskever","year":"2014"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.009","article-title":"Object recognition and segmentation by a fragment-based hierarchy","volume":"11","author":"Ullman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2733373.2807412","article-title":"Matconvnet \u2013 convolutional neural networks for MATLAB","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the ACM International Conference on Multimedia","author":"Vedaldi","year":"2015"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5456.1273","article-title":"Sparse coding and decorrelation in primary visual cortex during natural vision","volume":"287","author":"Vinje","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/net.12.3.255.270","article-title":"Characterizing the sparseness of neural codes","volume":"12","author":"Willmore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Network"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00594.2010","article-title":"Sparse coding in striate and extrastriate visual cortex","volume":"105","author":"Willmore","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/15.7.4","article-title":"From orientations to objects: configural processing in the ventral stream","volume":"15","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4244","article-title":"Using goal-driven deep learning models to understand sensory cortex","volume":"19","author":"Yamins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403112111","article-title":"Performance-optimized hierarchical models predict neural responses in higher visual cortex","volume":"111","author":"Yamins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B57","article-title":"visualizing and comparing alexnet and vgg using deconvolutional layers","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning Workshop","author":"Yu","year":"2016"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10590-1_53","article-title":"Visualizing and understanding convolutional networks","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Zeiler","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fncom.2017.00100\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T05:19:41Z","timestamp":1570252781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fncom.2017.00100\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncom.2017.00100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2017.00100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5188"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-5188"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]]}}}