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M.","year":"1986"},{"key":"p_430","volume-title":"International Journal of Computer Games Technology","author":"Zhonggen Y.","year":"2019"},{"key":"p_431","unstructured":"Case studies Conducting qualitative case studies (Friess, 2012; Jansen et al., 2017; (interviews, ethnography) within R\u00f6nkk\u00f6, 2005; R\u00f6nkk\u00f6 et al., organizations to record the use, usefulness, 2004) and impact of personas on end users' decision-making"},{"key":"p_432","unstructured":"Information Investigating the information shown (Nielsen et al., 2015)"},{"key":"p_434","unstructured":"Prediction Analyzing how well predictions made with (An et al., 2018a) personas hold"},{"key":"p_435","volume-title":"such as (Brickey et al","author":"Quantitative Employing","year":"2012"},{"key":"p_436","volume-title":"goodness-of-fit, or accuracy, to al","year":"2008"},{"key":"p_437","unstructured":"Stability Analyzing how stable personas remain (An et al., 2017)"},{"key":"p_439","unstructured":"Survey Measuring end users' perception of personas (Salminen et al., 2018c) as latent constructs"},{"key":"p_440","unstructured":"Usability Using usability standards or heuristics to (Long, 2009) evaluate persona designs"},{"key":"p_442","volume-title":"case studies) and quantitative (e.g., cluster distance","year":"2010"},{"key":"p_445","unstructured":"etal, 2002; Sudman et al., 1996) Often, academic studies evaluate personas via case studies (Dharwada et al., 2007; Faily and"},{"key":"p_446","unstructured":"Flechais, 2011; Jansen et al., 2017), ethnography (Friess, 2012), usability standards (Long, 2009), or"},{"key":"p_447","unstructured":"statistical goodness-of-fit evaluation (An et al., 2017; An et al., 2018a; Zhang et al., 2016). For ex"},{"key":"p_448","volume-title":"investigated the adoption of personas among designers by counting how often","author":"Friess","year":"2012"},{"key":"p_449","volume-title":"measured the effectiveness of using personas","author":"Long","year":"2009"},{"key":"p_450","unstructured":"by employing usability heuristics. Nielsen et al. (2017) analyzed the match between journalists'"},{"key":"p_452","unstructured":"the same organization. Using topic modeling and quantitative persona generation, An et al. (2017) predicted how"},{"key":"p_454","unstructured":"(2017) identified specific users to represent the personas and quantitatively compared these individ"},{"key":"p_455","unstructured":"uals' characteristics with the generated personas. Salminen et al. (2018a) consulted qualitative data"},{"key":"p_458","volume-title":"while some studies engaged subject-matter experts (Dupree et al","author":"Furthermore","year":"2016"},{"key":"p_459","unstructured":"and Kotamraju, 2008), these evaluations varied and ranged from brief discussions to quantitative"},{"key":"p_460","volume-title":"A literature review (Salminen et al","year":"2020"},{"key":"p_467","volume-title":"and Holden et al. (2017) discussed the need for incorporating more","author":"Thoma","year":"2009"},{"key":"p_469","volume-title":"Zhang et al. (2016), Tychsen and Canossa","author":"Specifically","year":"2008"},{"key":"p_473","volume-title":"such as different countries or universities (dos Santos et al","year":"2014"},{"key":"p_474","unstructured":"W\u00f6ckl et al., 2012). Others wish to broaden their existing data samples (dos Santos et al., 2014;"},{"key":"p_475","unstructured":"Holden et al., 2017; Tu et al., 2010) or even explore current methodologies in entirely different in"},{"key":"p_476","unstructured":"dustries (Aoyama, 2005, 2007; Chu et al., 2018). Yet, such comparative studies are currently scarce"},{"key":"p_483","unstructured":"al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018) or by conducting Chi-squared tests (Tanenbaum et al., 2018). A few"},{"key":"p_484","unstructured":"studies (Vosbergen et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2019) qualitatively validate clusters"},{"key":"p_486","unstructured":"archical clustering, Miaskiewicz et al. (2008) and Mesgari et al. (2015) validated their personas by"},{"key":"p_489","unstructured":"tion (the extent of a linear relationship between two variables). Holden et al. (2017) determined the"},{"key":"p_493","volume-title":"including Cohen's kappa (Brickey et al","year":"2012"},{"key":"p_494","volume-title":"Spearman's correlation between two ranked variables (Dang-Pham et al","year":"2015"},{"key":"p_495","unstructured":"even qualitative review with survey participants (Tu et al., 2010). Similar to PCA, latent semantic"},{"key":"p_497","unstructured":"al., 2012, 2010; Miaskiewicz et al., 2008). Researchers validate their results, such as through cosine"},{"key":"p_498","unstructured":"similarity tests. For NMF, An et al. (2018a) also calculated cosine similarity for pairs of personas"},{"key":"p_499","volume-title":"another study employing NMF (An et al.","year":"2018"},{"key":"p_503","unstructured":"Qualitative validation is common. Salminen et al. (2020a) found that 37% of the surveyed articles"},{"key":"p_506","unstructured":"nas in open discussion groups. An exception was Dupree et al. 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