{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T17:42:04Z","timestamp":1726249324680},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Commun. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"The reliability of an underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) network is seriously impacted by beam misalignment between transmitters (Txs) and receivers (Rxs). Also, the performance of UWOC systems can be affected by oceanic turbulence-induced fading due to fluctuations in the water refractive index as a result of variations in the pressure, water temperature, and salinity. In this work, we investigate the performance analysis of a vertical UWOC link subject to oceanic turbulence and pointing errors and further investigate the appropriate selection of link parameters to optimize link performance. This study is based on an accurate mathematical framework for link modeling while taking into account realistic Tx\/Rx and channel parameters under different turbulence and beam misalignment conditions. We provide an analytical expression for calculating the link outage probability, whose accuracy is validated through numerical simulations. Last, the necessity of optimal Tx\/Rx parameter selection to minimize the link outage is demonstrated. A laser beam is considered at the Tx, as well as an ultra-sensitive photodetector (silicon photo-multiplier) at the Rx to enable working at relatively long link ranges. The presented results give valuable insight into the practical aspects of deployment of UWOC networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.454191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T14:00:09Z","timestamp":1649772009000},"page":"439","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Outage probability analysis of a vertical underwater wireless optical link subject to oceanic turbulence and pointing errors"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5158-6270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ikenna Chinazaekpere","family":"Ijeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0522-6688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Khalighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9416-3860","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Elamassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6zye\u011fin University"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0308-2489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steve","family":"Hranilovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Uysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6zye\u011fin University"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315367330-11","article-title":"Underwater visible light communications, channel modeling and system design","volume-title":"Visible Light Communications: Theory and Applications","author":"Khalighi","year":"2017"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R2","article-title":"Underwater wireless optical communication; recent advances and remaining challenges (Invited paper)","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","author":"Khalighi","year":"2014"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2960131","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2013.2255811","volume":"38","author":"Cochenour","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2013.2278932","volume":"38","author":"Doniec","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.5.000001","volume":"5","author":"Gabriel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25832","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.025832","volume":"24","author":"Hamza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R8","first-page":"1700","article-title":"Underwater optical communication systems. Part 2: basic design considerations","volume-title":"Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","author":"Giles","year":"2005"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/17455030.2012.656731","volume":"22","author":"Korotkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Waves Random Complex Media"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS-Bergen.2013.6607990","article-title":"Misalignment considerations on point-to-point underwater wireless optical links","volume-title":"IEEE OCEANS Conference","author":"Gabriel","year":"2013"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2012.081612.121225","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2021.3055477","volume":"46","author":"Ghazy","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7905310","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2017.2726565","volume":"9","author":"Khalighi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8813","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.008813","volume":"55","author":"Nootz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.06.028","volume":"427","author":"Baykal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2891542","volume":"67","author":"Zedini","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6948","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3007343","volume":"19","author":"Elamassie","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"volume-title":"Pollutant Transfer and Transport in the Sea: Volume II","year":"2018","author":"Kullenberg","key":"jocn-14-6-439-R18"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.11.049","volume":"410","author":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17347","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.394468","volume":"28","author":"Toselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2019.06.030","volume":"451","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9040646","volume":"9","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.091113.131363","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2484355","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CWIT.2019.8929907","article-title":"Angular MIMO for underwater wireless optical communications: channel modelling and capacity","volume-title":"16th Canadian Workshop on Information Theory (CWIT)","author":"Ghazy","year":"2019"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2021.3069046","volume":"46","author":"Ijeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2019.8923472","article-title":"Data muling approach for long-range broadband underwater communications","volume-title":"International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14043","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3029529","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2019.2923501","volume":"45","author":"Khalighi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/3.626196","volume-title":"Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media","author":"Andrews","year":"2005"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216057","volume":"20","author":"Essalih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"volume-title":"Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters","year":"1994","author":"Mobley","key":"jocn-14-6-439-R34"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R36","first-page":"211","article-title":"Impact of different noise sources on the performance of PIN- and APD-based FSO receivers","volume-title":"COST IC0802 Workshop, IEEE ConTEL Conference","author":"Xu","year":"2011"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.06.077","volume":"402","author":"Dabiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2552538","volume":"4","author":"Kaushal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4706","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2842212","volume":"66","author":"Jamali","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/3.412858","volume-title":"Laser Beam Scintillation with Applications","author":"Andrews","year":"2001"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.1.000580","volume":"1","author":"Khalighi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34606","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.405942","volume":"28","author":"Boluda-Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471213748","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Photonics","author":"Saleh","year":"1991"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2864416","volume":"36","author":"Dabiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.899174","volume":"25","author":"Farid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R48","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Descriptive Oceanography: Water-Column Parameters","author":"Chester","year":"2012"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34450","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.410026","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP.2018.8471888","article-title":"Performance characterization of vertical underwater VLC links in the presence of turbulence","volume-title":"11th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","author":"Elamassie","year":"2018"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.34.001969","volume":"34","author":"Elamassie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R55","volume-title":"The Thermohaline Finestructure of the Ocean: Pergamon Marine Series","volume":"2","author":"Fedorov","year":"2013"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139034173","volume-title":"Double-Diffusive Convection","author":"Radko","year":"2013"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6611(03)00027-2","volume":"56","author":"Kunze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"volume-title":"Table of Integrals, Series, and Products","year":"2014","author":"Gradshteyn","key":"jocn-14-6-439-R58"},{"key":"jocn-14-6-439-R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.073B.001","volume":"73B","author":"Ng","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. Math. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Optical Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=jocn-14-6-439&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T19:30:14Z","timestamp":1722972614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=jocn-14-6-439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/jocn.454191","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-0620","1943-0639"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1943-0620"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-0639"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOCN.454191","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"19 January 2022","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"8 April 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"11 May 2022","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Optica Publishing Group","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}