{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T11:54:11Z","timestamp":1711540451700},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6708,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]},"abstract":"Previous neural network models of concept learning were mainly implemented with supervised learning schemes. However, studies of human conceptual memory have shown that concepts may be learned without a teacher who provides the category name to associate with exemplars. A modular neural network architecture that realizes concept acquisition through two functionally distinct operations, categorizing and naming, is proposed as an alternative. An unsupervised algorithm realizes the categorizing module by constructing representations of categories compatible with prototype theory. The naming module associates category names to the output of the categorizing module in a supervised mode. In such a modular architecture, the interface between the modules can be conceived of as an \u201cinformation relay\u201d that encodes, constrains, and propagates important information. Five experiments were conducted to analyze the relationships among internal conceptual codes and simple conceptual and lexical development. The first two experiments show a prototype effect and illustrate some basic characteristics of the system. The third experiment presents a bottom\u2010up model of the narrowing down of children's early lexical categories that honors mutual exclusivity. The fourth experiment introduces top\u2010down constraints on conceptual coding. The fifth experiment exhibits how hierarchical relationships between concepts are learned by the architecture, and also demonstrates how a spectrum of conceptual expertise may gradually emerge as a consequence of experiencing more with certain categories than with others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1504_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,6]],"date-time":"2005-08-06T01:11:25Z","timestamp":1123290685000},"page":"461-508","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["A Modular Neural Network Model of Concept Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Philippe G.","family":"Schyns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0901_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4844-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00365229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Parallel models of associative memory","author":"Anderson J.A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Psychological concepts in a parallel system","volume":"22","author":"Anderson J.A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.5.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900013830"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"The principle of mutual exclusivity in word learning: To honor or not to honor?","volume":"11","author":"Au T.K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90014-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130921"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Barron A.R. &Barron R.L.(1988 April).Statistical learning networks: A unifying view.Paper presented at the 1988 Symposium on the Interface:Statistics and Computing Science Reston VA ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197629"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.19.4.602"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Blum A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(83)90085-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Ficciones","author":"Borges J.L.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129738"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.2.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900000325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0502_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-505850-6.50009-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"787","volume-title":"Manual of child psychology: Cognitive development","author":"Clark E.V.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Corter J.E.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Advances in Cognitive Science","author":"Cottrell G.W.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Pattern classification and scene analysis","author":"Duda R.O.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4737.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.117.3.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(86)90043-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Modelling causal schemata in human memory: A connectionist approach","author":"Golden R.M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(88)90023-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1128520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Neurocomputing","author":"Hecht\u2010Nielsen R.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Parallel models of associative memory","author":"Hinton G.E.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Hinton G.E.(1986).Learning distributed representation of concepts.Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale NJ :Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Connectionist learning procedures","author":"Hinton G.E.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"An unsupervised learning procedure that discovers surfaces in random\u2010dot stereograms","volume":"1","author":"Hinton G.E.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Network"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"G\u00f6del, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid","author":"Hofstader D.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.1.4.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0035772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.8.2554"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.10.3088"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"485","article-title":"Comparison between neural nets and conventional classifiers","volume":"4","author":"Huang W.Y.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Neural Networks"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","article-title":"Quantitative aspects of the evolution of concepts","volume":"28","author":"Hull C.L.","year":"1920","journal-title":"Psychological Review Publication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"The early growth of logic in the child","author":"Inhelder B.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1904-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Judd J.S.(1987).Learning in networks is hard. InProceedings of the First International Conference on Neural Networks."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/411200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Lexical ambiguity resolution: Perspectives from psycholinguistics, neuropsychology, and artificial intelligence","author":"Kawamoto A.H.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(85)90041-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.10.4.616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Self\u2010organization and associative memory","author":"Kohonen T.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2014(88)90014-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Categorization and naming in children: Problems of induction","author":"Markman E.M.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Perspectives on language and cognition: Interrelations in development","author":"Markman E.M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(80)90006-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(84)90002-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.114.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.3.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Theoretical issues in reading comprehension","author":"Mervis C.B.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Origins of cognitive skills","author":"Mervis C.B.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900007868"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"The psychology of word meaning","author":"Murphy G.L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.92.3.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(82)90412-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028558"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Form categorization in early infancy","author":"Quinn P.C.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"On categorization in early infancy","volume":"32","author":"Quinn P.C.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900002658"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90024-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Basic objects in natural categories","volume":"7","author":"Rosch E.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Foundations of cognitive science","author":"Rumelhart D.E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001","volume-title":"Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition","author":"Rumelhart D.E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0901_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Concept representation with a self\u2010organizing architecture","author":"Schyns P.G.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","unstructured":"Schyns P.G.(1990).Expertise acquisition through the refinement of a conceptual representation in a self\u2010organizing architecture.Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks 1 236\u2013240."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","unstructured":"Schyns P.G.(in press).On the virtues of two\u2010dimensional self\u2010organized maps as a medium to encode conceptual knowledge.Neural Network Review."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.523"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674866270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00052432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(91)90016-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900001744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288907"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"IRE WESON Convention Record","author":"Widrow B.","year":"1960"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1504_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1504_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T05:17:27Z","timestamp":1698038247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1504_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog1504_1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1504_1","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}