{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T18:12:19Z","timestamp":1735582339487},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6891,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"abstract":"A novel modular connectionist architecture is presented in which the networks composing the architecture compete to learn the training patterns. An outcome of the competition is that different networks learn different training patterns and, thus, learn to compute different functions. The architecture performs task decomposition in the sense that it learns to partition a task into two or more functionally independent tasks and allocates distinct networks to learn each task. In addition, the architecture tends to allocate to each task the network whose topology is most appropriate to that task. The architecture's performance on \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhere\u201d vision tasks is presented and compared with the performance of two multilayer networks. Finally, it is noted that function decomposition is an underconstrained problem, and, thus, different modular architectures may decompose a function in different ways. A desirable decomposition can be achieved if the architecture is suitably restricted in the types of functions that it can compute. Finding appropriate restrictions is possible through the application of domain knowledge. A strength of the modular architecture is that its structure is well suited for incorporating domain knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1502_2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,5]],"date-time":"2005-08-05T21:13:06Z","timestamp":1123276386000},"page":"219-250","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":241,"title":["Task Decomposition Through Competition in a Modular Connectionist Architecture: The What and Where Vision Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Barto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3426922"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90052-3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00021555"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90072-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1985.6313371"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"629","article-title":"Gradient following without back\u2010propagation in layered networks","volume":"2","author":"Barto A.G.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE First Annual Conference on Neural Networks"},{"volume-title":"The organization of the cerebral cortex","year":"1981","author":"Cowey A.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1"},{"volume-title":"Attention and performance XI","year":"1985","author":"Cowey A.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"877","article-title":"Automatic learning, rule extraction, and generalization","author":"Denker J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computer Systems"},{"volume-title":"Pattern classification and scene analysis","year":"1973","author":"Duda R.O.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","DOI":"10.1038\/343644a0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","DOI":"10.1038\/326689a0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00335349"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0603_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90015-0"},{"volume-title":"Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology","year":"1987","author":"Geschwind N.","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00862.x"},{"volume-title":"The meta\u2010pi network: Building distributed knowledge representations for robust pattern recognition","year":"1989","author":"Hampshire J.B.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1"},{"unstructured":"Hinton G.E.(1981a).A parallel computation that assigns canonical object\u2010based frames of reference.Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 683\u2013685.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1"},{"unstructured":"Hinton G.E.(1981b).Shape representation in parallel systems.Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 1088\u20131096.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90020-8"},{"volume-title":"Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture","year":"1990","author":"Jacobs R.A.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.1.79"},{"volume-title":"Serial order: A parallel, distributed processing approach","year":"1986","author":"Jordan M.I.","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1"},{"volume-title":"Advances in connectionist theory: Speech","author":"Elman J.L.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1"},{"volume-title":"Contributions to sensory physiology","year":"1982","author":"Kaas J.H.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337288"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.2.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"599","article-title":"Une procedure d'apprentissage pour reseau a sequil assymetrique [A learning procedure for asymmetric threshold network]","volume":"85","author":"Cun Y.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proceedings of Cognitiva"},{"volume-title":"Generalization and network design strategies","year":"1989","author":"Cun Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxwell T. Giles C.L. Lee Y.C. &Chen H.H.(1986).Nonlinear dynamics of artificial neural systems.Neural Networks for Computing AIP Conference Proceedings 151.","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.36227"},{"volume-title":"Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition: Vol. 2. Psychological and biological models","year":"1986","author":"McClelland J.L.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1"},{"volume-title":"The society of mind","year":"1986","author":"Minsky M.","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(83)90190-X"},{"volume-title":"Learning automata: An introduction","year":"1989","author":"Narendra K.","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1"},{"volume-title":"Learning logic","year":"1985","author":"Parker D.B.","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2308(87)90026-X"},{"volume-title":"A theory of networks for approximation and learning","year":"1989","author":"Poggio T.","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1"},{"unstructured":"Pollack J.B.(1987).Cascaded back\u2010propagation on dynamic connectionist networks.Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 391\u2013404.","key":"e_1_2_1_40_1"},{"volume-title":"The meta\u2010generalized delta rule: A new algorithm for learning in connectionist networks","year":"1987","author":"Pomerleau D.A.","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Properties of a competition\u2010based activation mechanism in neuromimetic network models","volume":"2","author":"Reggia J.A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE First International Conference on NeuralNetworks"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1989.1.2.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001","volume-title":"Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition: Vol. 1. Foundations","author":"Rumelhart D.E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001","volume-title":"Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition: Vol. I. Foundations","author":"Rumelhart D.E.","year":"1986"},{"volume-title":"Parallel models of associative memory","year":"1981","author":"Sejnowski T.J.","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1"},{"unstructured":"Sutton R.S.(1986).Two problems with backpropagation and other steepest descent learning procedures for networks.Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 823\u2013831.","key":"e_1_2_1_47_1"},{"volume-title":"Beyond regression: New tools for prediction and analysis in the behavioral sciences","year":"1974","author":"Werbos P.J.","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1989.100181"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.3.334"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1502_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1502_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T17:19:20Z","timestamp":1697995160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1502_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog1502_2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1502_2","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0364-0213"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1551-6709"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}