{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T18:29:53Z","timestamp":1725042593503},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6891,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"abstract":"The English past tense system has recently been used to argue that formal grammatical categories (such as root, rule, and lexical item) may not be necessary to explain the acquisition and knowledge of language. Rumelhart and McClelland (1986) devised a connectionist model relying solely on phonological information; it is often suggested that any deficiencies of such a model can be remedied by supplying it with semantic information. These proposals are incorrect: Grammatical categories and abstract morphological structure are indispensable and cannot be replaced with semantics while preserving the patterns of psychological generalization in the system. Linguists have noted that irregular past tense mappings (e.g., fly\/flew; stick\/stuck<\/jats:italic>) apply only when a verb's root is marked in the lexicon as having an irregular past. Because nouns are never so marked, verbs with noun roots\u2014denominal verbs\u2014are regular even if they are phonologically identical to irregular verbs, hence: flied out\/*flew<\/jats:italic> out to center field; high\u2010sticked\/*high\u2010stuck the goalie<\/jats:italic>. Experiment 1 shows that adult subjects are highly sensitive to this principle when rating regular and irregular past tense forms of novel versions of irregular sounding verbs: New verbs formed from nouns were judged as better with a regular past tense (e.g., line\u2010drived was the preferred past of \u201cto hit a line drive\u201d): new verbs formed from verbs were judged as better with an irregular past tense (e.g., line\u2010drive<\/jats:italic> wsas the preferred past of \u201cto drive along a line\u201d). Experiment 2 replicated the results with noncollege\u2010educated adults, showing that the effect is not due to prescriptive language training. Experiment 3 tested an alternative to the formal grammatical account proposed by Lakoff (1987): When a verb has two meanings, one with an irregular past and one with a regular past, the irregular will belong to the meaning that is more central. Using regression techniques and ratings data, we disconfirm this prediction: In the data from Experiment 1, judgments of regular and irregular forms of a new verb are shown to be affected by whether the verb is derived from a noun or a verb, but not by whether its new sense is near the center or the periphery of the sense of the word it was derived from. Experiments 4 and 5 explain the few apparent counter\u2010examples by gathering independent evidence for a short\u2010circuiting process: When a denominal verb appears to have an irregular past tense form, it is because speakers sometimes interpret such verbs as having been derived directly from a related irregular verb root, bypassing the relevant noun. The experiments serve as a straightforward demonstration that representations of formal grammatical categories and structures are powerful determinants of linguistic behavior, and are not reducible to semantics, phonology, or prescriptive training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1502_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,6]],"date-time":"2005-08-06T01:13:06Z","timestamp":1123290786000},"page":"173-218","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Why No Mere Mortal Has Ever Flown Out to Center Field"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"John J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Pinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Prasada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage","author":"Bernstein T.M.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Theoretical morphology","author":"Bybee J.L.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/413574"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.1982.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Dring, drang, drung","author":"Carlson G.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"A dictionary of modern English usage","author":"Fowler H.W.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90046-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(89)90010-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition: Vol. I. Foundations","author":"Hinton G.E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"A modern English grammar on historical principles: Pt. 6. Morphology","author":"Jesperson O.","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Doctors under the skin","author":"Kierstead R.L.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Boston Globe"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The structure of phonological representations","author":"Kiparsky P.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Linguistics in the morning calm","author":"Kiparsky P.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Kiparsky P.(1983).Word formation and the lexicon. InF.Ingemann(Ed.) Proceedings of the 1982 Mid\u2010American Linguistics Conference. 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