{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:22:24Z","timestamp":1740140544779,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020 project Hexa-X"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Cellular network technologies and radar sensing technologies have been developing in parallel for decades. Instead of developing two individual technologies, the 6G cellular network is expected to naturally support both communication and radar functionalities with shared hardware and carrier frequencies. In this regard, radio access technology\u00a0(RAT)-based scatterer localization system is one of the important aspects of joint communication and sensing system that uses communication signals between transceivers to determine the location of scatterers in and around the propagation paths. In this article, we first identify the challenges of the RAT-based scatterer localization system and then present single- and multiple-bounce reflection loss simulation results for three common building materials in indoor environments. We also propose two novel methods to jointly localize and identify the type of the scatterers in a rich scattering environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-022-02167-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T16:18:44Z","timestamp":1663431524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Joint scatterer localization and material identification using radio access technology"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Deep","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vijaya","family":"Yajnanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Dahlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Behravan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2167_CR1","unstructured":"G. Shen, R. Zetik, H. Yan, S. Jovanoska, R.S. Thom\u00e4, Localization of active uwb sensor nodes in multipath and nlos environments, in Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), pp. 126\u2013130 (2011)"},{"key":"2167_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Nagai, T. Fasoro, M. Spenko, R. Henderson, B. Pervan, Evaluating gnss navigation availability in 3-d mapped urban environments, in 2020 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), pp. 639\u2013646 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9109929","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9109929"},{"key":"2167_CR3","unstructured":"Study on Channel Model for Frequencies from 0.5 to 100\u00a0GHz. 3GPP TR 38.901, V16.1.0 (December 2019)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2167_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2018.2873800","volume":"16","author":"A Achroufene","year":"2019","unstructured":"A. Achroufene, Y. Amirat, A. Chibani, Rss-based indoor localization using belief function theory. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 16(3), 1163\u20131180 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TASE.2018.2873800","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2167_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.70780","volume":"7","author":"CK Seow","year":"2008","unstructured":"C.K. Seow, S.Y. Tan, Non-line-of-sight localization in multipath environments. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 7(5), 647\u2013660 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2007.70780","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"2167_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V.Y. Zhang, A.K.-S. Wong, Combined aoa and toa nlos localization with nonlinear programming in severe multipath environments, in 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 1\u20136 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WCNC.2009.4917631","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2009.4917631"},{"key":"2167_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J.C.S. Tai, S.Y. Tan, C.K. Seow, Three-dimensional non-line-of-sight localisation in an indoor multipath environment, in 2009 7th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS), pp. 1\u20135 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICICS.2009.5397559","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICS.2009.5397559"},{"key":"2167_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Raharjo, S.Y. Tan, C.K. Seow, Non-line-of-sight localization scheme using two-steps weighting process, in 2009 7th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS), pp. 1\u20135 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICICS.2009.5397607","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICS.2009.5397607"},{"issue":"12","key":"2167_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.232","volume":"11","author":"Z Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Z. Wang, S.A. Zekavat, Omnidirectional mobile nlos identification and localization via multiple cooperative nodes. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 11(12), 2047\u20132059 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2011.232","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"2167_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X. Wei, N. Palleit, T. Weber, Aod\/aoa\/toa-based 3d positioning in nlos multipath environments, in 2011 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pp. 1289\u20131293 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PIMRC.2011.6139709","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2011.6139709"},{"key":"2167_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169399","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2954858","volume":"7","author":"K Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"K. Han, S.-W. Ko, H. Chae, B.-H. Kim, K. Huang, Hidden vehicle sensing via asynchronous v2v transmission: A multi-path-geometry approach. IEEE Access 7, 169399\u2013169416 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2954858","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2167_CR12","unstructured":"Effects of Building Materials and Structures on Radiowave Propagation Above About 100 MHz. International Telecommunications Union Recommendation ITU-R P.2040-2 (September 2021)"},{"key":"2167_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Geng, V. Yajnanarayana, A. Behravan, E. Dahlman, D. Shrestha, Study of reflection-loss-based material identification from common building surfaces, in 2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit), pp. 526\u2013531 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit51104.2021.9482524","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit51104.2021.9482524"},{"key":"2167_CR14","unstructured":"Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)-Surface Texture: Areal-Part 2: Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters. ISO 25178-2 (2012)"},{"key":"2167_CR15","volume-title":"The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces","author":"P Beckmann","year":"1987","unstructured":"P. Beckmann, A. Spizzichino, The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces (Artech House, Norwood, 1987)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2167_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5014037","volume":"3","author":"J Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Ma, R. Shrestha, L. Moeller, D.M. Mittleman, Invited article: channel performance for indoor and outdoor terahertz wireless links. APL Photonics 3(5), 051601 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5014037","journal-title":"APL Photonics"},{"key":"2167_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. Mor\u00e1vek, D. Komosn\u00fd, D.G. Sala, A.L. Guill\u00e8n, Received signal strength uncertainty in energy-aware localization in wireless sensor networks, in 2010 9th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, pp. 538\u2013541 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EEEIC.2010.5490008","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2010.5490008"},{"key":"2167_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Geng, Map-assisted material identification at 100 GHz and above using radio access technology, in 2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit), pp. 476-481 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit54941.2022.9815822","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit54941.2022.9815822"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-022-02167-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-022-02167-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-022-02167-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T16:20:41Z","timestamp":1663431641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-022-02167-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-022-02167-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-1499"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"87"}}