{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T11:16:44Z","timestamp":1742383004745,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,17]],"date-time":"2015-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439769600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"Objective:<\/jats:title> The present research addresses the question of how trust in systems is formed when unequivocal information about system accuracy and reliability is absent, and focuses on the interaction of indirect information (others\u2019 evaluations) and direct (experiential) information stemming from the interaction process. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Background:<\/jats:title> Trust in decision-supporting technology, such as route planners, is important for satisfactory user interactions. Little is known, however, about trust formation in the absence of outcome feedback, that is, when users have not yet had opportunity to verify actual outcomes. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method:<\/jats:title> Three experiments manipulated others\u2019 evaluations (\u201cendorsement cues\u201d) and various forms of experience-based information (\u201cprocess feedback\u201d) in interactions with a route planner and measured resulting trust using rating scales and credits staked on the outcome. Subsequently, an overall analysis was conducted. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results:<\/jats:title> Study 1 showed that effectiveness of endorsement cues on trust is moderated by mere process feedback. In Study 2, consistent (i.e., nonrandom) process feedback overruled the effect of endorsement cues on trust, whereas inconsistent process feedback did not. Study 3 showed that although the effects of consistent and inconsistent process feedback largely remained regardless of face validity, high face validity in process feedback caused higher trust than those with low face validity. An overall analysis confirmed these findings. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion:<\/jats:title> Experiential information impacts trust even if outcome feedback is not available, and, moreover, overrules indirect trust cues\u2014depending on the nature of the former. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Application:<\/jats:title> Designing systems so that they allow novice users to make inferences about their inner workings may foster initial trust. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815598604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T02:40:16Z","timestamp":1439865616000},"page":"1378-1402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing Technology in the Absence of Proof"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Peter W.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie M.","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands"},{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Cees","family":"Midden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,17]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr1-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044481862-1.50069-8"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720815598604","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics (ECCE 7)","author":"Arion M.","year":"1994"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr3-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1995.1027"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr4-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1177\/089443930202000309"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr5-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70536-5.50007-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr6-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07458-0_24"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr7-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290600874956"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr8-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00039-9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr9-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00038-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr10-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1145\/365024.365037"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr11-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr12-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1086\/208891"},{"volume-title":"The consequences of modernity","year":"1990","author":"Giddens A.","key":"bibr13-0018720815598604"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr14-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.1973.5215932"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr15-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39354-9_29"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr16-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1145\/503376.503456"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr17-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr18-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1007"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr19-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720815598604","first-page":"410","volume-title":"Designing and using human-computer interfaces and knowledge-based systems","author":"Lerch F.","year":"1989"},{"volume-title":"Trust and power","year":"1979","author":"Luhmann N.","key":"bibr21-0018720815598604"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr22-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.13.3.334.81"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr23-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.2307\/259290"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr24-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811411912"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr25-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288574"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720815598604","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Cognitive engineering in complex dynamic worlds","author":"Muir B. M.","year":"1988"},{"volume-title":"Operators\u2019 trust in and use of automatic controllers in a supervisory process control task","year":"1989","author":"Muir B. M.","key":"bibr27-0018720815598604"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720815598604","volume-title":"Mx: Statistical modeling","author":"Neale M. C.","year":"2003","edition":"6"},{"volume-title":"Paper presented at SPIE 9084, Unmanned Systems Technology 16","year":"2014","author":"Ososky S.","key":"bibr29-0018720815598604"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr30-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(77)90011-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr31-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.49.1.95"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720815598604","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Automation and human performance: Theory and applications","author":"Riley V.","year":"1996"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr33-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0504_2"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720815598604","first-page":"338","volume-title":"Cognition, computing and cooperation","author":"Sebrechts M. M.","year":"1987"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr35-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA149621"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr36-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630102700304"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr37-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1109\/CogSIMA.2014.6816540"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr38-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812443825"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720815598604","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Cognition, computing and cooperation","author":"Woods D. D.","year":"1987"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr40-0018720815598604","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811406725"},{"volume-title":"In the age of the smart machine: The future of work and power","year":"1988","author":"Zuboff S.","key":"bibr41-0018720815598604"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720815598604","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720815598604","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720815598604","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T12:08:12Z","timestamp":1741090092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720815598604"}},"subtitle":["Trust Based on the Interplay of Others\u2019 Opinions and the Interaction Process"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720815598604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720815598604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,17]]}}}