{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T16:14:04Z","timestamp":1726762444288},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":207,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>This study examines gender disparities in the world\u2019s 141 most prestigious international research awards. I find that (a) from 2001 to 2020 these awards were received 3,445 times by 2,011 men and 262 women; (b) women\u2019s share increased from an annual average of 6% during 2001\u20132005 to an annual average of 19% during 2016\u20132020; (c) 49 of the 141 awards were not received by women during 2016\u20132020; and (d) when the numbers of female full professors are taken into consideration, the gender gap remains highly disproportionate in biological and life sciences, computer science, and mathematics. Overall, women would be expected to increase their share of awards by nearly 50% to achieve parity with men today. The study shows great similarities between men and women award recipients in journal articles per author, the average number of authors per article, the proportion of articles in top journals, citations per article, and participation in large research groups and international collaborations. I conclude that the gender gap in highly prestigious research awards is largely a result of demographic inertia and other factors that deserve further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T17:28:06Z","timestamp":1627406886000},"page":"976-989","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["The gender gap in highly prestigious international research awards, 2001\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-4652","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lokman I.","family":"Meho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, University Libraries, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2021110817023594200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000331","article-title":"Gender productivity gap among star performers in STEM and other scientific fields","volume":"103","author":"Aguinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"2021110817023594200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.45374","article-title":"Gender variations in citation distributions in medicine are very small and due to self-citation and journal prestige","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021110817023594200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181566","article-title":"Unravelling the gender productivity gap in science: A meta-analytical review","volume":"6","author":"Astegiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021110817023594200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1755","article-title":"Matthew: Effect or fable?","volume":"60","author":"Azoulay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021110817023594200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/09540250500145072","article-title":"Women and science careers: Leaky pipeline or gender filter?","volume":"17","author":"Blickenstaff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gender and Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021110817023594200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-019-03065-4","article-title":"The age at which Noble Prize research is conducted","volume":"119","author":"Bj\u00f8rk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"2021110817023594200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1108\/S1529-212620140000019011","article-title":"Disproportionate awards for women in disciplinary societies","volume":"19","author":"Cadwalader","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Gender Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021110817023594200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014871108","article-title":"Understanding current causes of women\u2019s underrepresentation in science","volume":"108","author":"Ceci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021110817023594200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100614541236","article-title":"Women in academic science: A changing landscape","volume":"15","author":"Ceci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021110817023594200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03733-w","article-title":"Gender differences in performance of top cited scientists by field and country","volume":"125","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021110817023594200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/reseval\/rvu011","article-title":"Awards before and after the Nobel Prize: A Matthew effect and\/or a ticket to one\u2019s own funeral?","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research Evaluation"},{"issue":"37","key":"2021110817023594200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7228","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0475-18.2019","article-title":"Gender in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics: Issues, causes, solutions","volume":"39","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021110817023594200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000052","article-title":"Why are some STEM fields more gender balanced than others?","volume":"143","author":"Cheryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"volume-title":"Digest of Education Statistics 2019 (NCES 2021-009)","year":"2021","author":"De Brey","key":"2021110817023594200_bib14"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021110817023594200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1108\/01604950010310866","article-title":"Quality assessment of collection development through tiered checklists: Can you prove you are a good collection developer?","volume":"19","author":"Dennison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Collection Building"},{"key":"2021110817023594200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394260645","volume-title":"Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method","author":"Dillman","year":"2014"},{"volume-title":"She figures 2003","year":"2003","author":"European Commission. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation","key":"2021110817023594200_bib17"},{"volume-title":"She figures 2006","year":"2006","author":"European Commission. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation","key":"2021110817023594200_bib18"},{"key":"2021110817023594200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2777\/936","volume-title":"She figures 2018","author":"European Commission. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation","year":"2019"},{"volume-title":"Careers by country","year":"2018","author":"European University Institute","key":"2021110817023594200_bib20"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021110817023594200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001250","article-title":"Inequities in academic compensation by gender: A follow-up to the national faculty survey cohort study","volume":"91","author":"Freund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021110817023594200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1056492616658127","article-title":"Awards as strategic signals","volume":"26","author":"Gallus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Management Inquiry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021110817023594200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213916","article-title":"From North American hegemony to global competition for scientific leadership? Insights from the Nobel population","volume":"14","author":"Heinze","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2021110817023594200_bib24","article-title":"Staff Data","author":"Higher Education Statistics","year":"2021","journal-title":"Selected Higher Education Statistics \u2013 2001 and 2020 Staff data"},{"article-title":"Who\u2019s working in HE?: Personal characteristics","year":"2021","author":"Higher Education Statistics Agency","key":"2021110817023594200_bib25"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021110817023594200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2004956","article-title":"The gender gap in science: How long until women are equally represented?","volume":"16","author":"Holman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"2021110817023594200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-53-41-2020","article-title":"Diversity and equality in honours and awards programs \u2013 steps towards a fair representation of membership","volume":"53","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Geosciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021110817023594200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4609","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914221117","article-title":"Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines","volume":"117","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2021110817023594200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/11741","volume-title":"Beyond bias and barriers: Fulfilling the potential of women in academic science and engineering","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021110817023594200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2928-y","article-title":"The hierarchical status of international academic awards in social sciences","volume":"117","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"7479","key":"2021110817023594200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/504211a","article-title":"Global gender disparities in science","volume":"504","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6219","key":"2021110817023594200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261375","article-title":"Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines","volume":"347","author":"Leslie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021110817023594200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312711435830","article-title":"The Matilda Effect in science: Awards and prizes in the US, 1990s and 2000s","volume":"42","author":"Lincoln","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021110817023594200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-019-0256-3","article-title":"Gender bias in Nobel Prizes","volume":"5","author":"Lunnemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Palgrave Communications"},{"issue":"7739","key":"2021110817023594200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00091-3","article-title":"Women who win prizes get less money and prestige","volume":"565","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"50","key":"2021110817023594200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800485115","article-title":"Scientific prize network predicts who pushes the boundaries of science","volume":"115","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"3810","key":"2021110817023594200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.159.3810.56","article-title":"The Matthew Effect in science","volume":"159","author":"Merton","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021110817023594200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/reseval\/rvaa007","article-title":"What effects does international mobility have on scientists\u2019 careers? A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Netz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research Evaluation"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2021110817023594200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2017\/20170050","article-title":"Women\u2019s representation in national science academies","volume":"113","author":"Ngila","year":"2017","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021110817023594200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/00313831.2016.1147066","article-title":"Scandinavian approaches to gender equality in academia: A comparative study","volume":"61","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021110817023594200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314788111","article-title":"How stereotypes impair women\u2019s careers in science","volume":"111","author":"Reuben","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"10 October","key":"2021110817023594200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240903","article-title":"Gender gaps in research productivity and recognition among elite scientists in the U.S., Canada, and South Africa","volume":"15","author":"S\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021110817023594200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-2059-2","article-title":"At what institutions did Nobel laureates do their prize-winning work? An analysis of biographical information on Nobel laureates from 1994 to 2014","volume":"109","author":"Schlagberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021110817023594200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201906266","article-title":"The mutation of the \u201cNobel Prize in Chemistry\u201d into the \u201cNobel Prize in Chemistry or Life Sciences\u201d: Several decades of transparent and opaque evidence of change within the Nobel Prize program","volume":"59","author":"Seeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie \u2013 International Edition"},{"issue":"1743","key":"2021110817023594200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.0822","article-title":"Leaks in the pipeline: Separating demographic inertia from ongoing gender differences in academia","volume":"279","author":"Shaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021110817023594200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e603","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006004","article-title":"Women physicians underrepresented in American Academy of Neurology recognition awards","volume":"91","author":"Silver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021110817023594200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25318\/3710007601-eng","article-title":"Table 37-10-0076-01: Number of full-time teaching staff at Canadian universities, by rank, sex","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021110817023594200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-015-9355-x","article-title":"Gender gap in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM): Current knowledge, implications for practice, policy, and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"volume-title":"Global Gender Gap Report 2020","year":"2020","author":"World Economic Forum","key":"2021110817023594200_bib50"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021110817023594200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1613-7","article-title":"Mapping of important international academic awards","volume":"104","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Quantitative Science Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article-pdf\/2\/3\/976\/1970751\/qss_a_00148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article-pdf\/2\/3\/976\/1970751\/qss_a_00148.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:21:52Z","timestamp":1725513712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article\/2\/3\/976\/103157\/The-gender-gap-in-highly-prestigious-international"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/qss_a_00148","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/QSS_A_00148\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2641-3337"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2641-3337"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}