{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T16:01:48Z","timestamp":1740153708774,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"abstract":"\n Epistolary data about historical letters are typically distributed in different archives depending on where the letters were sent to and received, and the data are represented using local heterogeneous data models and different natural languages. To study such letter data on a global level, the heterogeneous, distributed data in local siloes need to be aggregated and harmonized into larger services where local metadata can enrich each other to complement missing information. This article presents a new framework, LetterSampo, for representing, publishing, and using epistolary data as Linked Open Data (LOD) on the Web for Digital Humanities (DH) research. The framework is used for creating LOD services and for building individual LetterSampo portals on top of them. To test and demonstrate the framework, it has been applied to the epistolary CKCC dataset of ca. 20,000 letters of the Huygens Institute, the Netherlands, to the correspSearch dataset of ca. 151,000 letters aggregated by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and to the Early Modern Letters Online (EMLO) data of ca. 170,000 letters published by the University of Oxford. The CKCC and correspSearch datasets were published as LOD services, SPARQL endpoints, and as data dumps at Zenodo.org for re-use, and a demonstrational portal\n LetterSampo: Historical Letters on the Semantic Web<\/jats:italic>\n was created based on this data. A novelty of the LetterSampo portals is to use faceted semantic search for filtering data of interest in flexible ways from multiple perspectives on two conceptual levels, and then visualize and analyze the results and data by seamlessly integrated data analytic tools\u2014programming skills are not needed for using the portal. In addition to using the tools of the portal, the SPARQL endpoints can be used with modest knowledge about programming for DH research.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3569372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T12:40:06Z","timestamp":1668429606000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["LetterSampo\u2013Historical Letters on the Semantic Web: A Framework and Its Application to Publishing and Using Epistolary Data"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eero","family":"Hyv\u00f6nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University (SeCo) and University of Helsinki (HELDIG), Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2327-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petri","family":"Leskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University (SeCo) and University of Helsinki (HELDIG), Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4789-5676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jouni","family":"Tuominen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki (HSSH and HELDIG) and Aalto University (SeCo), Finland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16995\/dm.8064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"178","article-title":"Evaluating a semantic portal for the \u201cmapping manuscript migrations\u201d project","volume":"2","author":"Burrows Toby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toby Burrows, Nicole Bergk Pinto, Mahaut Cazals, Alexandre Gaudin, and Hanno Wijsman. 2020. Evaluating a semantic portal for the \u201cmapping manuscript migrations\u201d project. DigItalia 2 (2020), 178\u2013185. Retrieved from http:\/\/digitalia.sbn.it\/article\/view\/2643.","journal-title":"DigItalia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/jtei.1742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","article-title":"correspSearch \u2013 Connecting Scholarly Editions of Correspondence (2.0.0) [Web service]","author":"Dumont Stefan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stefan Dumont, Sascha Grabsch, and Jonas M\u00fcller-Laackman. 2021. correspSearch \u2013 Connecting Scholarly Editions of Correspondence (2.0.0) [Web service]. Berlin\u2013Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. (2021). Retrieved from https:\/\/correspSearch.net. Accessed Feb 18, 2022.","journal-title":"Berlin\u2013Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Flexible Search and Navigation using Faceted Metadata","author":"English J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"J. English, M. Hearst, R. Sinha, K. Swearingen, and K.-P. Lee. 2003. Flexible Search and Navigation using Faceted Metadata. Technical Report. University of Berkeley, School of Information Management and Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139003865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/asonam.2012.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/567498.567525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00334ED1V01Y201102WBE001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-018-0065-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies","author":"Hitzler Pascal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pascal Hitzler, Markus Kr\u00f6tzsch, and Sebastian Rudolph. 2010. Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies. Springer\u2013Verlag."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Howard Hotson and Miranda Lewis. 2022. Early Modern Letters Online. (Feb.2022). Retrieved from http:\/\/emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk\/home. Accessed Feb 18 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17875\/gup2019-1146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-2010-0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00452ED1V01Y201210WBE003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21348-0f_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium","author":"Hyv\u00f6nen E.","year":"2004","unstructured":"E. Hyv\u00f6nen, S. Saarela, and K. Viljanen. 2004. Application of ontology based techniques to view-based semantic search and browsing. In Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium. Springer\u2013Verlag, 92\u2013106. Retrieved from https:\/\/seco.cs.aalto.fi\/publications\/2004\/hyvonen-saarela-et-al-application-of-ontology-techniques-2004.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11955-7_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68234-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-190386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","article-title":"Digital humanities on the Semantic Web: Sampo model and portal series","author":"Hyv\u00f6nen Eero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eero Hyv\u00f6nen. 2022. Digital humanities on the Semantic Web: Sampo model and portal series. Semantic Web \u2013 Interoperability, Usability, Applicability (2022). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.semantic-web-journal.net\/content\/digital-humanities-semantic-web-sampo-model-and-portal-series-0. Accessed Dec 19, 2022.","journal-title":"Semantic Web \u2013 Interoperability, Usability, Applicability"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88361-4_36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.6631385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.6631357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2021.87"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-210428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3282933.3282936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-200392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01059977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 5th Conference","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4 Eetu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eetu M\u00e4kel\u00e4, Krista Lagus, Leo Lahti, Tanja S\u00e4ily, Mikko Tolonen, Mika H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, Samuli Kaislaniemi, and Terttu Nevalainen. 2020. Wrangling with non-standard data. In Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 5th Conference. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 81\u201396. Retrieved from http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2612\/paper6.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121949.1121979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1076942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47602-5_48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"Distant Reading","author":"Moretti Franco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Franco Moretti. 2013. Distant Reading. Verso Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Digital Humanities in Nordic and Baltic Countries Conference","author":"Oksanen Eljas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eljas Oksanen, Heikki Rantala, Jouni Tuominen, Michael Lewis, David Wigg-Wolf, Frida Ehrnsten, and Eero Hyv\u00f6nen. 2022. Digital humanities solutions for pan-european numismatic and archaeological heritage based on linked open data. In Proceedings of the 6th Digital Humanities in Nordic and Baltic Countries Conference. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. Forth-coming, preprint: Retrieved from https:\/\/seco.cs.aalto.fi\/publications\/2022\/oksanen-et-al-diginuma-dhnb-2022.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016555150202800601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/bbi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-150197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 4th Conference.","volume":"2364","author":"Rockenberger Annika","year":"2019","unstructured":"Annika Rockenberger, Ellen Nessheim Wiger, Mette Refslund Witting, Hilde B\u00f8e, Evelyn Irene Thor, Ove Joralf Wolden, Marianne Paasche, Ola S\u00f8nden\u00e5, and Philipp Conzett. 2019. Norwegian correspondences and linked open data. In Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 4th Conference.Costanza Navarretta, Manex Agirrezabal, and Bente Maegaard (Eds.), Vol. 2364, 365\u2013375. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2364\/33_paper.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","article-title":"Analyzing biography collection historiographically as linked data: Case national biography of Finland","author":"Tamper Minna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minna Tamper, Petri Leskinen, Eero Hyv\u00f6nen, Risto Valjus, and Kirsi Keravuori. 2021. Analyzing biography collection historiographically as linked data: Case national biography of Finland. Semantic Web \u2013 Interoperability, Usability, Applicability (2021). Forth-coming, preprint: Retrieved from https:\/\/seco.cs.aalto.fi\/publications\/2021\/tamper-et-al-bs-2021.pdf.","journal-title":"Semantic Web \u2013 Interoperability, Usability, Applicability"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00190ED1V01Y200904ICR005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Digital Humanities in Nordic and Baltic Countries Conference","author":"Tuominen Jouni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jouni Tuominen, Mikko Koho, Ilona Pikkanen, Senka Drobac, Johanna Enqvist, Eero Hyv\u00f6nen, Matti La Mela, Petri Leskinen, Hanna-Leena Paloposki, and Heikki Rantala. 2022. Constellations of correspondence: A linked data service and portal for studying large and small networks of epistolary exchange in the grand duchy of Finland. In Proceedings of the 6th Digital Humanities in Nordic and Baltic Countries Conference. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. Forth-coming, preprint: Retrieved from https:\/\/seco.cs.aalto.fi\/publications\/2022\/tuominen-et-al-coco-dhnb-2022.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 3rd Conference","author":"Tuominen Jouni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jouni Tuominen, Eetu M\u00e4kel\u00e4, Eero Hyv\u00f6nen, Arno Bosse, Miranda Lewis, and Howard Hotson. 2018. Reassembling the republic of letters - a linked data approach. In Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 3rd Conference. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2084, 76\u201388. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2084\/paper6.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844-016-0413-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-022-00463-1","article-title":"Communications now and then: Analyzing the republic of letters as a communication network","author":"Ure\u00f1a-Carrion Javier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javier Ure\u00f1a-Carrion, Petri Leskinen, Jouni Tuominen, Charles van den Heuvel, Eero Hyv\u00f6nen, and Mikko Kivel\u00e4. 2022. Communications now and then: Analyzing the republic of letters as a communication network. Applied Network Science (2022). arXiv:2112.04336v1. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2112.04336v1.","journal-title":"Applied Network Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3366\/ijhac.2015.0140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"What was the republic of letters? A brief introduction to a long history (1417\u20132008)","volume":"204","author":"Miert Dirk van","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dirk van Miert. 2016. What was the republic of letters? A brief introduction to a long history (1417\u20132008). Groniek 204\/205 (2016), 269\u2013287.","journal-title":"Groniek"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Prosopography Approaches and Applications. A Handbook","author":"Verboven Koenraad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koenraad Verboven, Myriam Carlier, and Jan Dumolyn. 2007. A short manual to the art of prosopography. In Prosopography Approaches and Applications. A Handbook. Unit for Prosopographical Research (Linacre College), 35\u201370. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/1854\/8212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22148\/16.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","volume-title":"Metadata, Third Edition","author":"Zeng Marcia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marcia Zeng and Jian Qin. 2022. Metadata, Third Edition. ALA Neal-Schuman, Chicago."}],"container-title":["Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3569372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T10:53:11Z","timestamp":1678791191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3569372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3569372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3569372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4673","1556-4711"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1556-4673"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-4711"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}